Search In this Thesis
   Search In this Thesis  
العنوان
IMPACT OF NATURAL AND SUPPLEMENTARY
FOODS ON CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
PRODUCTIVITY charACTERS OF
HONEYBEE COLONIES /
المؤلف
HASSAN, SOBHIA SAIED SAYED.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / صبحية سعيد سيد حسن
مشرف / محمد السعيد محمد الشريف
مناقش / محمد نجيب شحاتة البسيونى
مناقش / محمود عبدالسميع محمد على
تاريخ النشر
2022.
عدد الصفحات
280 P. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
الدكتوراه
التخصص
الزراعية والعلوم البيولوجية (المتنوعة)
تاريخ الإجازة
1/1/2022
مكان الإجازة
جامعة عين شمس - كلية الزراعة - قسم وقاية النبات
الفهرس
Only 14 pages are availabe for public view

from 280

from 280

Abstract

SUMMARY
The present study was carried out in the apiary of Plant Protection Research Institute at El-Quanater, Qaluobia Governorate, over the course of three years, 2019, 2020 and 2021.
5.1. The activity of collecting pollen in the study area during four seasons (autumn, winter, spring and summer) in the year 2019/2020
Four random colonies of the apiary colonies were used, and the pollen-collecting trap was installed on each colony, where the traps were installed one week and raised the next week as an indicator of the period of abundance and scarcity of pollen grains in the study area, and the results were as follows:
5.1.1. In the autumn season:
The obtained results indicated that the amount of bee pollen collected during autumn season, started on the first of October until the middle of December, in the weeks of collection were 16.62, 31.87, 37.54, 16.55, 17.41 and 15.61 (gm/ week) in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth week, respectively with an average of 22.60 g/ colony/week.
5.1.2. In the winter season:
Results clarified that the largest amount of pollen collected during the winter season was in the last week of March 7-14 was 55.39 g with a significant difference between it and the weeks preceding it, followed by the fourth week, followed by the fifth, then the third, and the least of them was the first week. The quantities were (46.51, 35.86, 31.47, 14.52, 8.57 g), respectively with an average of 32.05 g/ colony/week.
5.1.3. In the spring season:
The highest amounts of pollen collected in the spring season were in the fifth week in the period from 27/5 to 3/6 and in the fourth week in the period from 13-20/5 where they were (98.15 and 97.84 g/ colony/ week), respectively with no significant differences between them. Followed by the period from 10-17/6, then the period from 1-8/4, then the period from 29/4-6/5, then the period from 15-22/4, the quantities were (71.15, 69.33, 64.49, 45.26 g/ colony/week), respectively with an average of 74.37 g/ colony/week.
5.1.4. In the summer season:
The quantities of pollen collected in the summer season were (124.85, 104.21, 95.03, 89.05, 36.62, 24.79 gm/ week/ colony in the periods (12-19 August, 26 August -2 September, 29 July -5 August, 9-16 September, 15-22 July and July 1-8) respectively, with an average of 79.09 g/ colony/week.
5.1.5. In the four seasons:
The summer season came first, after the spring season, in the quantity collected per week, with an average of (79.09 and 74.37 g/ colony/week), respectively, with no significant differences between them. The winter season came in second place, following the autumn season, with an average of (32.05 and 22.60 g/ colony/week), respectively, with no significant differences between them.
The results show that the summer and spring seasons are abundant seasons for pollen, and that the autumn and winter seasons are seasons of scarcity of pollen in the study area due to the large number of flowering plants in the summer and spring seasons that are rich in pollen, in contrast to the autumn and winter seasons.
5.2. Effect of feeding on natural and supplementary diets on the activities of honeybee colonies during four seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring) in the year 2020/2021
This experiment was conducted in the summer season from (29/6-28/8/2020), in the autumn season from (1/10-30/11/2020), and in the winter season from (31/12/2020-29/2/2021) and in the spring season from (1/4-28/5/2021), Fifteen honeybee colonies headed with open-mated local Carnica queens, which had relatively same strengths, (5- 6) combs covered with adult bees were used. The bee colonies were divided into three groups, and each group comprised five colonies (replicates). in each season separately. The first group received 50g of pollen cake, in addition to 250 ml of honey solution/colony / 3 days (PC), and the second group received 50g Brewer’s yeast chickpea cake fortified with 4.2% pollen and 250 ml of concentrated sugar solution /colony / 3 days (YCPC) and the third group received 250 ml of a dilute solution only as a control (C).
5.2.1. Consumption rate
In the summer season: the colonies fed on Brewer’s Yeast-Chick pea cake fortified with 4.2% pollen (YCPC) gave the highest consumption rate, followed by the colonies fed on pollen cake (PC) and it was (43.77 and 34.99 g / colony / 3 days), respectively.
In the autumn season: the colonies fed on (PC) gave the highest consumption rates followed by the colonies fed on (YCPC) were (33.68 and 29.45 g/colony/ 3days), respectively.
In the winter season: the colonies fed on (PC) gave the highest consumption rates followed by the colonies fed on (YCPC), which were (38.01 and 26.97 g/colony/3 days), respectively.
In the spring season: the colonies fed on (PC) gave the highest consumption rates followed by the colonies fed on (YCPC), which were (35.95 and 24.45 g/colony/3 days), respectively.
In the four seasons:
Supplementary diets: The colonies fed on (YCPC) gave the highest consumption rates in the summer season followed by the colonies fed on (PC), which were (43.77 and 38.43 g/colony/ 3 days), respectively. The lowest consumption rate was in the colonies fed on (YCPC) in the spring season which was (24.45 g/colony/3 days).
Carbohydrate supplement: The solution, whether (honey solution, concentrated sugar, or diluted sugar) was consumed in the three groups at a rate of 250 ml /colony / 3 days, in the four seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring).
5.2.2. Daily brood rearing rate
In the summer season: the colonies fed on Brewer’s Yeast-Chick pea cake fortified with 4.2% pollen. + concentrated sugar solution (YCPC) came the first in order in the brood rearing rate, followed by the colonies fed on pollen cake + honey solution (PC), then the colonies that were fed on a dilute sugar solution only (C) came the last in order without significant difference among them and it was (886.99, 840.83 and 782.75 worker broods/day), respectively.
In the autumn seasons: the colonies fed on (PC) came the first in order in the brood rearing rate, followed by the colonies fed on (YCPC) that were (527.22 and 512.08 worker broods/day), respectively, with no significant differences and significant differences between them and control (C) which was (402.78 worker broods/day)
In the winter seasons: the colonies fed on (PC) came the first in order in the brood rearing rate, followed by the colonies fed on (YCPC) that were (531.32 and 511.39 worker broods/day), respectively, with no significant differences between them and the presence of significant differences between them and control (C) which was (400.28 worker broods/day).
In the spring seasons: the colonies fed on (PC) came the first in order in the brood rearing rate, followed by the colonies fed on (YCPC), which were (827.02 and 772.78 worker broods/day), respectively, with no significant differences between them and the presence of significant differences between them and control (C) which was (563.96 worker broods/day).
In the four seasons: the highest daily brood rearing rate was in the summer season, followed by spring, then winter and autumn, which were (836.86, 721.25, 481.00, 480.69 worker broods/day), respectively with significant differences between them. The (PC) diet came in first place, followed by the (YCPC) diet, and it was (681.60 and 670.81 worker broods/day), respectively with no significant differences between them, and there was a significant difference between them and the control, which was (537.44 worker broods/day).
5.2.3. The stored honey weight
. In the summer season: the (PC) diet came the first in order in the stored honey, followed by the (YCPC) diet without significant differences between them, the dies (C) as a control came the last in order with significant differences among the other feeding regimes in the experiment were (2717.75, 2680.26 and 1841 g / colony), respectively.
In the autumn season: the diet (PC) came the first in order in honey storage, followed by diet (YCPC) that were 2834.42 and 2649.21g/ colony, respectively, with no significant differences between them and significant differences between them and control (C) which was 1938.71 g/ colony.
In the winter season: the diet (PC) came the first in order in the weight of stored honey, followed by diet (YCPC), then the control (C), and it was (1147.13, 1146.83 and 851.67 g), respectively, with no significant differences between them.
In the spring season: the diet (PC) came the first in order in the weight of stored honey, followed by diet (YCPC) that was (3283.00 and 2671.38 g), respectively, with significant differences between them and the presence of significant differences between them and the control (C) where it was (1575.00 g).
In the four seasons: the highest rate of stored honey weight was in the spring season, followed by autumn, followed by summer, and then winter were (2509.79, 2474.11, 2413.00, 1048.5 g), respectively. The (PC) diet came in first place, followed by the (YCPC) diet, and it was (2495.58 and 2286.92 g), respectively, with no significant differences between them, and there were significant differences between them and the control (C), which was (1551.59 g).
5.2.4. The stored pollen weight
In the summer season: the diet (YCPC) came the first in order in the stored pollen, followed by the diet (PC) then the control (C) came the last in order were (212.85, 210.43 and 168.95 g / colony), respectively.
In the autumn season: the diet (YCPC) came the first in order in the weight of stored pollen grains, followed by diet (PC), and the control (C) came the last in order were (124.21, 112.20 and 78.82 g), respectively, with significant differences between them.
In the winter season: the diet (YCPC) came the first in order in the weight of stored pollen, followed by diet (PC) that were (70.58 and 54.66 g), respectively, with no significant differences between them, and the control (C) came the last in order, which was (34.20 g).
In the spring season: the diet (PC) came the first in order in the weight of stored pollen, followed by diet (YCPC), which were (172.67 and 152.68 g), respectively, with no significant differences between them and the presence of significant differences between them and the control (C) where was (92.64 g).
In the four seasons: the highest rate of stored pollen weight was in the summer season, followed by spring, autumn, and winter (197.41, 139.33, 105.08, 53.15 g), respectively. The diet (YCPC) came in the first place, followed by the diet (PC), then the control (C) were (140.08, 137.49, 93.65 g), respectively, with significant differences between them.
5.2.5. The longevity of honeybee worker
In the summer season: the diet (PC) came the first in order in the longevity of caged newly emerged worker bees, followed by the diet (YCPC) without significant differences between them, the control (C) came the last in order with significant differences between it and other feeding regimes in the experiment were (19.67, 18.45 and 13.47 days), respectively.
In the autumn season: the diet (PC) gave the highest longevity of the workers, followed by the diet (YCPC) were (25.87 and 23.67 days), respectively, with no significant differences between them and the presence of significant differences between them and the control (C), where it was (17.74 days).
In the winter season: the diet (PC) gave the highest longevity of the workers, followed by the diet (YCPC), which were (25.16 and 23.21 days, respectively), with no significant difference between them and the presence of a significant difference between them and the control (C) where it was (17.9 days).
In the spring season: the diet (PC) came the first in order in the Longevity of the workers, followed by the diet (YCPC) that was (22.75 and 21.55 days), respectively, with no significant differences between them and significant differences between them and the control (C) where it was (16.41 days).
In the four seasons: the highest longevity of workers was in the autumn season, followed by winter, followed by spring, and then summer (22.42, 22.10, 20.24, 17.19 days), respectively, with significant differences between them. The diet (PC) came in the first place, followed by the diet (YCPC), then the control (C) (23.36, 21.72, 16.39 days), respectively, with significant differences between them.
5.2.6. The hypopharyngeal gland of honeybee worker
In the summer season: the colonies fed on the diet (PC) superiority in the surface area of the Acini cells of the lobules of Hypopharyngeal gland as well as for the number of Acini cell in 10 microns of gland length in ages (6,9 and 12 days), followed by the diet (YCPC) with no significant differences among them, and significantly the control (C) in the final.
In the autumn season: the colonies fed on the diet (PC) superiority in the surface area of the Acini cells of the lobules of Hypopharyngeal gland as well as for the number of Acini cell in 10 microns of gland length in ages (6,9 and 12 days), followed by the diet (YCPC) and finally the control (C) with significant differences among them.
In the winter seasons: the superiority of the diet (PC) in the surface area of the Acini cell of the lobules of Hypopharyngeal gland in ages (6,9 and 12 days), as well as for the number of Acini cell in 10 microns of gland length, followed by diet (YCPC) with no significant differences between them and the presence of significant differences between them and control (C).
In the spring season: the superiority of diet (PC) in the surface area of the Acini cell of the lobules of Hypopharyngeal gland in ages (6,9 and 12 days), as well as for the number of Acini cell in 10 microns of gland length, followed by the diet (YCPC) with no significant differences between them and the presence of significant differences between them and the control (C).
In the four seasons:
The surface area of the Acini cell: the highest surface area of the Acini cell of the hypopharyngeal gland was in the summer season in ages (6, 9 and 12 days), followed by the spring season, followed by the autumn season then the winter season with significant differences for the effect of the season at each age. The superiority of diet (PC) in the surface area of the Acini cell of the lobules of Hypopharyngeal gland in ages (6,9 and 12 days) followed by the diet (YCPC) with no significant differences between them in ages (6 and 12 days) and with significant differences between them in age (9 days) and control (C). Also, a noticeable gradient was found in the surface area of the Acini cell from the age of 6 to the age of 12 days.
The number of the Acini cell: the highest number of the Acini cell in 10 microns of the lobules of Hypopharyngeal gland length was in the summer season in ages (6, 9 and 12 days), followed by the spring season, followed by the winter season then the autumn season with significant differences among them. The superiority of diet (YCPC) in 6 age then the diet (PC) in 9 and 12 ages.
5.2.7. The 2nd wax gland mirror of honeybee worker
In the summer season: the superiority of the two diets (PC) and (YCPC) in the longitudinal and transversal of the mirror of the second wax gland at ages 12, 15 and 18 for honeybee workers compared to the control (C) with no significant differences among them at each age.
In the autumn season: the superiority of diets (PC) and (YCPC) in the longitudinal and transversal of the mirror of the second wax gland at ages 12, 15 and 18 for worker honeybees compared to the control (C) with no significant differences among them at each age.
In the winter season: the superiority of diets (PC) and (YCPC) in the longitudinal and transversal of the mirror of the second wax gland at ages 12, 15 and 18 for worker honeybees compared to the control (C) with no significant differences among them at each age.
In the spring season: the superiority of diets (PC) and (YCPC) in the longitudinal and transversal of the mirror of the second wax gland at ages 12, 15 and 18 for worker honeybees compared to the control (C) with no significant differences among them at each age.
In the four seasons: the seasons influence on the longitudinal and transversal of the 2nd wax gland mirror of honeybee worker at ages (12, 15, 18-day) where the summer and spring seasons came the first in order with no significant differences between them, followed them autumn and winter with no significant differences between them. Also, the type of the diets influences on the longitudinal and transversal of the 2nd wax gland the diet (PC) came the first in order followed by the diet (YCPC) with no significant differences between them then the control (C) with significant differences between it and the diets.
5.2.8. Biochemical activity in the body of the honeybee worker
5.2.8.1. In the summer season:
Total protein: the forager bees received the diets (YCPC) came the first in order in the total protein in the body of the worker honeybee followed by the house bees received the diets (PC) were (676.57 and 636. 95 μg protein/ mg tissue), respectively without significant differences among the forager and house bees in the other feeding regimes in the experiment.
The invertase activity: the forager bees in all regimes gave the higher rates in the invertase activity than the house bees with significant differences between them.
The ATPase activity: the house bee received the diet (PC) gave the highest rates in the activity of ATPase followed by the forager bee received the diet (YCPC) were (11.9 and 5.13 mmol/mg tissue), respectively with significant differences between them and the bees in the control (C).
The alkaline phosphatase activity: the house bees received the diet (PC) gave the highest rates in the activity of alkaline phosphatase followed by the house bees received the diet (YCPC) were (6.32 and 3.75 μg Phenole / minute /mg tissue), respectively. with significant differences between them and the bees in the control (C).
5.2.8.2. In the autumn season:
Total protein: the results showed that there were no significant differences among all diets in the rate of total protein in the body of worker bees, whether house bees or forager bees.
The invertase activity: the superiority of the diet (PC) in the activity of invertase enzyme, whether in house bees or the forager bees, than the other diets, with a significant difference between it and the other feeding regimes.
The ATPase activity: the superiority of diet (YCPC) in the activity of the enzyme ATPase, whether in house bees or forager bees, with a significant difference between it and the other of the regimes.
The alkaline phosphatase activity: the highest activity of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme was in house bees in diet (PC), followed by forager bees in diet (YCPC), with a significant difference between them and the other of the regimes.
5.2.8.3. In the winter season:
Total protein: the results showed that there were significant differences between the diets in the rate of total protein in the body of the workers, whether house bees or forager bees, where the forager bees in diet (YCPC) came the first in order, which was 2494.62 µg protein / mg tissue.
The invertase activity: The diet (PC) came the first in order in the invertase enzyme activity, whether for forger bees or for house bees, with significant differences between them and the other of the regimes.
The ATPase activity: The diet (YCPC) came the first in order for the activity of the enzyme ATPase, whether forager bees or house bees, followed by diet (PC) whether forager bees or house bees, with no significant differences between them and the forager bees in the control (C), and the house bees in the control (C) came the last in order with the presence of significant differences between it and the other of the regimes.
The alkaline phosphatase activity: The forager bees in the diet (PC) came the first in order in the activity of the enzyme Alkaline phosphatase, followed by house bees in diet (YCPC), with no significant differences between them, while forager bees in diet (YCPC) came the second in order, followed by house bees in diet (PC) then the house bees in the control (C) With no significant differences between them, the forager bees in the control (C) came the last in order with the presence of significant differences between it and the other of the. regimes
5.2.8.4. In the spring season:
Total protein: the results showed that there were significant differences between the diets in the rate of total protein in the body of the workers, whether house bees or forager bees, where the house bees in diet (YCPC) came the first in order, followed by house bees in diet (PC) and it was (5642.51 and 2393.59 μg protein /mg tissue), respectively, with significant differences between them and the other of the regimes.
The invertase activity: the forager bees in the control (C) came the first in order for the activity of the invertase enzyme, with significant differences between it and the other treatment, where the other treatment came the second in order without a significant difference between them.
The ATPase activity: the diet (YCPC) came the first in order for the activity of the ATPase enzyme for house bees, followed by the forager bees, and it was (93.12 and 91.7 mmol/mg tissue), respectively, with no significant differences between them and the rest of the diets.
The alkaline phosphatase activity: the house bees in the control (C) came the first in order in the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase with no significant differences between it and the other treatment, and the forager bees in the diet (YCPC) came the last in order.
5.2.8.5. In the four seasons:
Total proteins: the highest total protein in the bodies of honeybee workers (μg protein/mg tissue) was recorded in the bees that received the diet (YCPC) (2292.49 μg). The protein in the bodies of honeybee workers were influenced by the season where 3167.80, 2263.80, 2112.50, and 609.10 μg were recorded in autumn, spring, winter, and summer, respectively, with significant differences among them. House bee workers exhibited higher protein content (2201.55 μg) than forager bee workers (1875.04 μg), with significant differences between them.
Invertase activities: the highest invertase activities in the bodies of honeybee workers were found in bees that received the diet (PC) (7.25 μg glucose/minute/mg tissue). These activities were affected by the four seasons; specifically, 13.79, 8.29, 3.10, and 0.85 μg glucose/minute/mg tissue were recorded in summer, autumn, winter, and spring, respectively, with significant differences among them. The influence of type of worker on the invertase activities in the bodies of honeybee workers was higher in forager bees than in house bees (i.e., 7.74 and 5.27 μg glucose/minute/mg tissue), respectively, with significant differences between them.
ATPase activity: the highest ATPase activity in the bodies of honeybee workers was observed in bees that received the diet (YCPC) (51.73 mmol/mg tissue). The seasons influenced the ATPase activity in the bodies of honeybee workers specifically, 90.40, 83.48, 16.28, and 4.96 mmol/mg tissue were respectively recorded in spring, winter, autumn, and summer, with significant differences among them. The influence of type of worker on this ATPase activity was higher in-house bees than in forager bees (48.98 and 48.58 mmol/mg tissue), respectively, with no significant differences between them.
AlkP activities: the diets influenced the AlkP activities in the bodies of honeybee workers; PC, YCPC diet, and control (2.89, 2.24, and 1.67 μg Phenol/minute/mg tissue), respectively, with significant differences among them. The seasons influenced the AlkP activities in the bodies of honeybee workers; 4.76, 3.27, 0.61, and 0.43 μg Phenol/minute/mg tissue were respectively recorded in autumn, summer, winter, and spring, with significant differences among them. The type of worker influenced the AlkP activities of house and forager bees (2.57 and 1.95 μg Phenol/minute/mg tissue), respectively, with significant differences between them.
5.2.9. The activity of digestive enzymes in the winter season:
The activity of Protease enzyme: bees attracted to protein feeding gave the highest activity of protease enzyme with no significant differences between them. Bees attracted to carbohydrate feeding came the second in order with no significant differences between them. However, significant differences were found between bees attracted to protein nutrition and bees attracted to carbohydrate nutrition.
The activity of Lipase enzyme: bees attracted to the honey solution in diet (PC) gave the highest activity of lipase enzyme and had the lowest activity in bees taken from the frames in the control (C).
The activity of Amylase enzyme: the bees attracted to the honey solution in the diet (PC) gave the highest activity of the amylase enzyme with no significant differences between it and the other of the regimes except for the bees attracted to the pollen cake in the diet (PC), which came the last in order.
The activity of invertase enzyme: bees attracted to brewer’s yeast cake in diet (YCPC) had the highest invertase activity, followed by bees attracted to the concentrated sugar solution in diet (YCPC), and bees attracted to pollen cake in diet (PC) had the lowest activity.
The activity of Trehalase enzyme: bees attracted to the honey solution in the diet (PC) gave the highest activity of trehalase enzyme, and it had the lowest activity in the bees taken from the frames in the control (C).
5.3. Chemical analysis of protein and carbohydrate nutritional supplements and their comparison with natural food.
5.3.1. Natural food and protein supplementary diets:
Total carbohydrates: the percentage of total carbohydrates in a sample of bee bread taken from hive (BB), pollen cake (PC), brewer’s yeast-Chick pea cake fortified with 4.2% pollen (YCPC) (77.22, 80.46 and 70.74%), respectively.
Total proteins: total proteins in (BB), (PC) and (YCPC) were (139.27, 211.92 and 452.33 Ug/ml), respectively.
Total lipids: The total lipids in (BB), (PC) and (YCPC) were (3.21, 6.23 and 8.74 Ug/ml), respectively.
Vitamin (C): Vitamin C was in (BB), (PC) and (YCPC) (104.31, 97.42 and 192.47 ng/ml), respectively.
Potassium (K): Potassium (K) in (BB), (PC) and (YCPC) were (20.60, 27.50 and 27.70 mm/L), respectively.
Phosphorus (P): Phosphorous (P) in (BB), (PC) and (YCPC) were (3.72, 2.97 and 1.42 mm/L), respectively.
5.3.2. Natural food and carbohydrate supplementary diets:
Total carbohydrates: The percentage of total carbohydrates in a sample of honey taken from the hive (HH), honey solution (HS), concentrated sugar solution (SSC) and diluted sugar syrup (SSD) was (31.71, 18.13, 26.53 and 15.32%), respectively. It is found in (HH) and (HS) fructose, glucose and maltose. Sucrose was (0.93, 0.73, 77.30 and 59.70%) in (HH), (HS), (SSC) and (SSD), respectively.
Total proteins: total proteins were (614.77 and 392.14 Ug/ml) in the (HH) and (HS), respectively and not carried out in the (concentrated sugar syrup and diluted sugar syrup).
Vitamin (C): vitamin C was found in (HH) and (HS) were (272.94 and 153.45 ng/ml), respectively and not carried out in the (concentrated sugar syrup and diluted sugar syrup).
Potassium (K): Potassium K was (40.20, 38.80, 36.80 and 27.90 mm/L) in the (SSC), (HS), (SSD) and (HH), respectively.
Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus P was (4.72, 3.61, 2.71 and 2.66 mm/L) in the (HH), (HS), (SSC) and (SSD), respectively.