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العنوان
RESPONSE OF PLANT TO USE THE IMPROVED
FOLIAR FERTILIZERS /
المؤلف
OMRAN, DINA MAMDOUH GAMIL.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / دينا ممدوح جميل عمران
مشرف / منال مبارك محمد
مناقش / أحمد حلمى خاطر
مناقش / طايع عبداللطيف طه
تاريخ النشر
2022.
عدد الصفحات
126 P. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
ماجستير
التخصص
الزراعية والعلوم البيولوجية (المتنوعة)
تاريخ الإجازة
1/1/2022
مكان الإجازة
جامعة عين شمس - كلية الزراعة - قسم الاراضي
الفهرس
Only 14 pages are availabe for public view

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Abstract

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
A series of lab and field experiments were carried out to evaluate the possibility of using some substances as adjuvants or mixture can be added to the foliar fertilizer tank for improving foliar fertilizers use efficiency. The suggested substances to use as an adjuvant or adjuvant mixture included six laboratory grades and two commercial adjuvants. Each of the suggested substance was prepared in 10 concentrations treatments, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2.0 g/l. The effect of each concentration treatments on static surface tension (SST) and static contact angle (SCA) in liquid/glass) and solid plant leaves/interface) were used to evaluate and select the optimum concentration of each substance to use as an adjuvant which had the highest effects on reducing surface tension and contact angle.
The suggested adjuvants included Triethanolamine (TEA), liquid soap as surfactants, and glycerin as a humectant, Molasses and Arabic gum (contais l-arabinose, l-rhamnose, and d-glucuronic acid and 1,3-linked β-d-galactopyranosyl) as stickers and urea as a penetrator. Citric acid was used to adjust the pH of the final foliar fertilizer solution to about 7. Camina red color used to make the spray solution clearer in vision. The two commercial adjuvants used as control were Triton B (17% Acrylic polyme+12% Octyl Phenoxy polyethoxyethanol) Rixifilm (25% Sodium laurgle ether sulfate).
The Adjmix-D1 and Adjmix-D2 shown the best performance in reducing surface tension of aqueous solution at the lowest concentrations and exhibited the highest efficiency. Spray retention on leaves of some vegetable crops. White eggplant leaves had the higher amount of spray retention and Cucumber the lower.
To evaluate the efficiency of using the suggested adjuvants each alone or in combination for improving foliar fertilizers, a series of field experiments were carried out by spraying some vegetable crops weekly for 3 to 4 sequence applications. The tested plants sprayed with foliar fertilizers improved by adding the suggested adjuvants with its recommended concentration each alone or in a combination as Adjmix-D1 and B to evaluate its efficiency in crop yield and some nutrients contents.
Effects of the improved foliar fertilizers on static surface tension and static contact angle
Results indicated that the lowest values of surface tension determined by DROP weight method were 45.4, 48.2, 19.7, 50.1, 49.3 and 51.0 N/m at 33oC for Triethanolamine (TEA), Glycerin, liquid soap, Arabic gum, Molasses and Urea. These lowest values of surface tension taken at the concentrations of 0.6, 0.6, 1.0, 1.0, 0.8 and 0.8 g/l respectively. The lowest values of surface tension for the commercial adjuvants were 28.8 and 33.8 N/m for Rixifilm and Triton B at the concentrations of 0.6 and 0.4 g/l respectively. Surface tension value of pure water determined under similar conditions was 74.7 N/m at 33O C.
The results indicated that the lowest values of surface tension determined by capillary tube method were 43.1, 41.0, 20.4, 37.5, 27.4 and 60.2 N/m at 25oC for TEA, Glycerin, liquid soap, Arabic gum, Molasses and Urea respectively. These lowest values of surface tension taken at the concentrations of 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.8 g/l respectively. The lowest values of surface tension for the commercial adjuvants were 15.9 and 17.0 N/m for Rixifilm and Triton B at the concentrations of 0.6 and 0.4 g/l respectively. Surface tension value of pure water determined under similar conditions was 72.3 N/m at 25O C.
The surface tension values determined by DROP weight method at 33oC was higher than that determined by capillary tube method at 25oC by about 12.6 %. In spite this difference, similar trends observed for the effect of adjuvant treatments on surface tension values particularly the concentration of each adjuvant at the lowest values of surface tension.
In general, all the suggested adjuvants can used to improve foliar fertilizers has lower surface tension values comparing with that of pure water. The net reduction in surface tension of the tested adjuvants comparing with that of pure water were about 42, 62, 45, 35, 27, 12.1 for TEA, liquid soap, Glycerin, Arabic gum, Molasses and urea respectively. The net reduction in surface tension was more pronounced for liquid soap than the other adjuvants or even the commercial adjuvants under investigation.
Data reveal that the lower contact angle values at liquid/glass interface ware observed at concentrations of 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.4 g/l for TEA, Glycerin, Liquid soap, Arabic gum, Molasses, Urea, Rixifilm and Triton B respectively. The corresponding values of contact angle were 15.0, 15.8, 14.8, 14.3, 15.1, 17.3, 15.7 and 13.8 degree (o) at 25O C respectively.
Results indicated that the lowest contact angle values at Liquid/Sweet pepper leaf interface ware 24.7, 24.8, 13.5, 25.4, 23.7, 21.4, 15.6 and 14.4 degree (o) for TEA, Glycirin, Liquid soap, Arabic gum, Molasses, Urea, Rixifilm and Triton B respectively. These lower contact angle values taken at the concentrations of 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, and 0.4 g/l respectively.
The lowest contact angle values were 18.3, 18.1, 12.4, 17.6, 22.7, 18.9, 12.5 and 12.2o at concentrations of 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.4 g/l for Liquid/Tomato leaf interface. And that for liquid/Cucumber leaf interface were 22.8, 27.6, 15.7, 25.9, 19.7, 23.2, 14.3 and 17.5o at concentrations of 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6 and 0.6 g/l.
It could concluded that the efficiency of adjuvant concentration in reducing contact angles and in consequently increase spreading rate of foliar fertilizers sprayed on plant leaves were more pronounced for sweet pepper or tomato than that for cucumber. This is a fact even for the commercial adjuvants under investigation (Rixifilm and Triton B).
According to the average of the optimum adjuvant concentrations on static surface tension and static contact angle, two adjuvant mixtures were prepared. These two suggested Adjuvant Mixtures consist of adjuvants act as surfactant, humectant, sticker and penetrator as follow:
• Adjmix-D1: contains 0.6 g/l TEA and 0.6 g/l liquid soap as surfactants, 0.6 g/l glycerin as a humectant, 0.6 g/l Arabic gum as a sticker and 0.6 g/l urea as a penetrator.
• Adjmix-D2: contains 0.6 g/l TEA and 0.6 g/l liquid soap as surfactants, 0.6 g/l glycerin as a humectant, 0.6 g/l Molasses as a sticker and urea as a penetrator.
To evaluate the efficiency of using the suggested adjuvants each alone or in combination for improving foliar fertilizers, a series of field experiments were carried out by spraying some vegetable crops weekly for 3 to 4 sequence applications. The tested plants sprayed with foliar fertilizers improved by adding the suggested adjuvants with its recommended concentration each alone or in a combination as Adjmix-D1 and Adjmix-D1 to evaluate its efficiency on some nutrients contents and fruit yield of some vegetable crops.
Effects of the improved foliar fertilizers on some nutrient contents
Concerning the changes in nutrients contents in white eggplant leaves at the different sampling periods along to growth stage. Results revealed that the differences in the relative N and K contents in leaves after four sequence foliar fertilizers applications ranged between 99-104 %. These differences were not significant to take under consideration. Similar results also observed for Fe, Zn and Mn contents in white eggplant leaves as affected by the improved foliar fertilizers in four sequences applications relative to that of the first sampling equal 100 as shown in Table (9).
Data indicated a positive effects of the improved foliar fertilizers on nutrients uptake by white eggplant during four sequence weekly applications at 70, 77, 84 and 91 days old. It could be observed that N contents in white eggplant leaves increased by the applications of improved foliar fertilizers by about 124, 120, 115 and 115 % for Adjmix-D1, Adjmix-D2, liquid soap and Rixifilm respectively relative to UIFF = 100.
Results revealed that the highest relative increases in K contents in white eggplant leaves were 4.60 (119), 4.58 (119), 4.58 (119), 4.54 (117), 4.52 (117) and 4.45% (115) for Adjmix-D1, Rixifilm, liquid soap, Adjmix-D2 and TEA respectively comparing with that of UIFF which was 3.56 % (100). Similar positive effects particularly for Adjuvant mix-1, Adjmix-D2, Rixifilm, liquid soap and TEA that give the highest relative increases in Fe, Zn, and Mn contents. These increases were about 118, 116, 116, 116% and 113% for Fe, 136, 132, 131, 130 and 129% for Zn and 129, 127, 122, 120 and 120% for Mn with using Adjmix-D1, Adjmix-D2, Rixifilm, liquid soap and TEA for improving foliar fertilizers.
In general, the average increases in nutrient contents as affected by the improved foliar fertilizers (IFF) in four sequence applications were about 112, 115, 112, 116 and 119% for N, K, Fe, Zn and Mn respectively relative to that of UIFF = 100. These increases were reached to about 117, 123, 122, 134 and 138 % respectively relative to that of pure water = 100.
Effects of the improved foliar fertilizers on fruit yield of some vegetable crops
Results revealed that the improved foliar fertilizers increased fruit yield by 24% relative to pure water treatment=100 and 10% relative to un-improved foliar fertilizers treatment=100. These results demonstrated the importance of foliar fertilizers application and the improved foliar fertilizers for increasing fruit yield.
Data indicated that the highest increase in fruit yield of the tested crops observed at the application of the improved foliar fertilizer using Adjmix-D1. This increase was about 34%.
It could be also observed that the application of molasses treatment for improving foliar fertilizer caused a reduction in fruit yield to about 89% relative to un-improved foliar fertilizer treatment=100.
Data indicated that the highest increase in fruit yield of eggplant obtained with the application of Adjmix-D1 followed by Adjmix-D2. This increase were about 36 and 23% respectively.
Results indicated that the fruit yield of white eggplants as affected by the application of the improved foliar fertilizer treatment could arranged in the following descending order: Admix-D1 > Adjmix-D2 > Liquid soap > Rixifilm.
Similar results also obtained for the four sequence fruit harvestings each after 7 days from the application of pure water, improved and un-improved foliar fertilizer treatments. No substantial changes in fruit weight in g/fruit observed for all the tested treatments.
The fruit yield of sweet pepper as affected by adjuvants treatments used for improving foliar fertilizers during the three sequence applications. Data indicated that the highest increase in fruit yield of eggplant obtained with the application of Adjmix-D1 followed by Adjmix-D2. This increase was about 36 and 25% respectively.
Data indicated that the fruit yield of sweet pepper influenced by the application of the improved Foliar fertilizer treatment could arranged in the following descending order: Adjmix-D1 > Adjmix-D2 > Liquid soap > Triton B > Rixifilm. Similar results obtained for the three sequences fruit harvestings each after 7 days from the application of pure water, improved and un-improved foliar fertilizers treatment. No substantial changes in fruit weight in g/fruit observed for all the tested treatments.
Data revealed that the fruit yield of open field cucumber (OF’s Cucumber) as affected by adjuvants treatments used for improving foliar fertilizers during the five sequence applications. Data indicated that the highest increase in fruit yield of eggplant obtained with the application of Adjmix-D1 followed by Adjmix-D2. This increase was about 36 and 25% respectively.
Results indicated that the fruit yield of open field cucumber influenced by the application of the improved Foliar fertilizer treatment could arranged in the following descending order: Adjmix-D1 > Triton B > Liquid soap > Adjmix-D2 = Rixifilm. Similar results also obtained for the four sequences fruit harvestings each after 7 days from the application of pure water, improved and un-improved foliar fertilizers treatment. No substantial changes in fruit weight in g/fruit observed for all the tested treatments.
The highest increase in fruit yield of plastic tunnel’s cucumber (PT’s Cucumber) as affected by adjuvants treatments used for improving foliar fertilizers during the four sequence applications obtained with the application of Adjmix-D1 followed by Adjmix-D2. This increase were about 36 and 25% respectively.
Results indicated that the fruit yield of Plastic tunnel’s cucumber influenced by the application of the improved foliar fertilizer treatments could arranged in the following descending order: Adjmix-D1 > Adjmix-D2 > Rixifilm > Triton B > Liquid soap > TEA. Similar results also obtained for the four sequences fruit harvestings each after 7 days from the application of pure water, improved and un-improved foliar fertilizers treatment. No substantial changes in fruit weight in g/fruit observed for all the tested treatments.