الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Starting from the importance of the economic and nutrition in the animal production field specially dairy cattle nutrition to supply the country with hard currency and improving the quality and quantity of milk so this study is done
This study refer to decreasing the coast of dairy cattle nutrition because it is aloud on farm owners , this study is done to evaluate the possibility of replacing corn by date press cake and it pass by three stages
First stage: in-vitro1 this experiment is made to improve date press cake by adding two types of probiotic, urea and mixing them all that to increase the digestive and nutritive value of date press cake.
Second stage: in-vitro 2 this experiment is made to choose the best replacing ratio of date press cake that treated from the first experiment instead of corn in ration.
Those two experiments are made in diary department laps –national research center, dokki, Giza, Egypt, cooperating with animal production lap – faculty of agriculture – ain Shams University
Third stage: in-vivo to obtain different nutritive element and studying changes that occurred in rumen and blood chemistry and the effect of all that on milk composition and productivity.
The first experiment (in-vetro1)
Quantity of date press cake is obtained from branches of el tahhan producing dates company then drying and grinding in faculty of agriculture labs to girted of the moisture and facilitate dealing with it then insilge DPC for 45 days then adding two typed of probiotic Zad1, Zad2 with rate 2ml/1kg, adding urea and mixing them, produced 12 treatments as shown:
1. Date press cake (DPC) only
2. Crushed corn
3. DPC+Zad1(insilge)
4. DPC+Zad2(insilge)
5. DPC+Zad1+uria(insilge)
6. DPC+Zad2+uria(insilge)
7. DPC+urea(insilge)
8. DPC+Zad1(uninsilge)
9. DPC+Zad2(uninsilge)
10. DPC+Zad1+urea(uninsilge)
11. DPC+Zad2+urea(uninsilge)
12. DPC+urea(uninsilge)
The first laboratory experiment was carried out using the modern method of In-Vitro batch culture technique, after the injection of the rumen fluid for treatments and incubation for 24 hrs, different chemical analyzes were performed. Using Filter Bags and ANKOM technology, NDF, ADF and ADL were obtained. Three replicates were performed for each treatment.
The results could be summarized in the following:
There was no significant difference between DPC and corn in most of the chemical components, except for the crude fiber ratio which increased (p˂0.05) in DCP, resulting in an increase in the percentage of NDF, ADF and ADL content compared to corn grains.
It is possible to improve the nutritional value of DPC by using certain additives such as Probiotics, Urea or Mixture.
The process of insulige and urea addition did not have a clear role in showing positive results between the coefficients and some of them.
High NFE in DCP resulted in a significant increase (p˂0.05) in TVFA’s and therefore a significant decrease in different pH values between the coefficients and some of them.
Organic matter digestibility increased (p˂0.05) in different treatments from corn due to the indirect cause of its low fiber content.
The addition of probiotic Zad1 with DPC improved the dry matter digestibility and the organic matter digestibility, thus increasing the activity of the rumen by increasing the total gas produced by it.
The second experiment in-vitro2
Based on the results of the previous experiment, Zad1 was used without any other additives to be the optimal addition with uninsilige DPC to show the best replacement ratio for the corn in ration.
In the same way as the first experiment ”In-Vitro batch culture technique” by using filter bags and ANKOM technology, the second experiment is done which consists of:
• R1= control: clover hay 50%, corn grain 28.8% , soybean meal 7.5% , wheat bran 12.5% , DPC 0% , salt 0.40%, mineral mixture 0.15%, limestone 0.50%, calcium diphosphate 0.15%.
• Zad1= control + zad1 (2ml/1kg ration)
• R2= replacement 25% from corn by DPC
• R3= replacement 50% from corn by DPC
• R4= replacement 75% from corn by DPC
• R5= replacement 100% from corn by DPC
• replaced 25%+ zad1= R2 + zad1 (2ml/1kg ration)
• replaced 50%+ zad1= R3 + zad1 (2ml/1kg ration)
• replaced 75%+ zad1= R4 + zad1 (2ml/1kg ration)
• replaced 100%+ zad1= R5 + zad1 (2ml/1kg ration)
After injecting the rumen fluid and inccuping for 24 hrs, the various chemical analyzes were performed. Three replicates were performed for each treatment.
The results could be summarized in the following:
The addition of probiotic Zad1 and the replacement ratio of 25% of the corn with DPC showed an increase (p˂0.05) in both the digestive components of the food components, the total volatile fatty acids, and the ammonia nitrogen from other treatments and the control group
The substitution and adding process did not affect the amount of dry matter digestibility between the coefficients and some of them, while the organic matter digestibility increased (p˂0.05) with the addition of probiotic Zad1, ( DPC 25% + Zad) and control group.
The addition and replacement process combined increased total gas production (p˂0.05) in relation to the rest of the treatments.
The process of substitution and addition did not affect both the metabolizable protein and EMP between the coefficients and some compared to the control group. The addition of the Zad1 and the replacement ratio of 25% improved (p˂0.05) metabolizable energy in ration compared with the rest of the treatments.
The best treatment was chosen for use in the field experiment (in-vivo) where the treatment was replaced 25% of corn by DPC with the addition of Zad1 probiotic.
The field experiment (in-vivo)
Digestibility trials (on rams)
Six mature Rams about 4 years old and ranged between 58-64 kg live body weight, the Digestibility trials lasted three weeks as preliminary period followed by one week as a collection period. The animal were housed in metabolism cages and beneath each, a stainless-steel screen having 4mm mesh to retain feces but allow free passage of urine which was collected through a funnel to be easily separated in order to collect the feces and urine separately.
The results could be summarized in the following:
The mean values of silage and roughage intake were increased (p ˂ 0.05) with all the treatments compared to the control. But, there was no difference between all treatments for CFM intake and RS intake.
Coefficient of digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE% were significantly (P<0.05) higher with T4 followed by T3 and T2 and finally the control group T1, which achieved the lowest (p˂0.05) digestion coefficients. Also, TDN value was increased (p˂0.05) with all treatments compared to control. However, there was no difference between all treatments for DCP.
There was an increase (p˂0.05) in all treatments T2, T3 and T4 compared to control T1 for nitrogen balance, nitrogen absorbed, NB/NI and NB/NA. Knowing that T4 was the highest (p˂0.05). Although there was no significant (p˃0.05) between the treatments in nitrogen intake.
Lactation study
Lactation study was carried out to apply the best results of the in-vitro studies, the field experiment was conducted at the farm of the Animal Production Research Station, Egypt-Alexandria Desert Road in Nubaria, using the best treatment from the second laboratory experiment in vitro2. The number of 16 Egyptian lactating buffaloes was 600 to 650 kg in the second to fourth milk season, open barns. The animals were randomly selected and divided into four groups (four animals in each group) according to milk production. They were fed for 90 days.
Preparation of diets
Four experimental rations were used in this experiment as:
R1 control: corn grain, crushed 40% + wheat bran 20.5% + soybean, meal 44% CP 14.5% + undecorticated cottonseed meal 5% + sunflower cake 5.5% + sugar beet pulp 11% + DPC 0% + limestone 2% + sodium chloride 1.1% + mineral premix 0.4% (C).
R2 Zad 10ml/h/d: corn grain, crushed 40% + wheat bran 20.5% + soybean, meal 44% CP 14.5% + undecorticated cottonseed meal 5% + sunflower cake 5.5% + sugar Beet pulp 11% + DPC 0% + limestone 2% + sodium chloride 1.1% + mineral premix 0.4% (T1) .
R3 DPC 25%: corn grain, crushed 30% + wheat bran 18.5% + soybean, meal 44% CP 18.5% + undecorticated cottonseed meal 7% + sunflower cake 5.5% + sugar beet pulp 7% + DPC 10% + limestone 2% + sodium chloride 1.1% + mineral premix 0.4%.
R4 DPC25% + Zad 10ml/h/d: corn grain, crushed 30% + wheat bran 18.5% + soybean, meal 44% CP 18.5% + undecorticated cottonseed meal 7% + sunflower cake 5.5% + sugar beet pulp 7% + DPC 10% + limestone 2% + sodium chloride 1.1% + mineral premix 0.4%.
The concentrate feed mixture consisted of crushed yellow corn, wheat bran, Soybean, meal 44% CP, undecorticated cottonseed meal, sunflower cake, sugar beet pulp, DPC, limestone, sodium chloride, and mineral premix & vitamins.
The results could be summarized in the following:
Results of milk production and its components
The fourth treatment achieved the best results (p˂0.05) for milk production and its components compared to the second and third treatments and the control group.
Milk production, ECM, total solids, fat and protein was an increase (p˂0.05) in all treatments compared to the first treatment (control), the fourth treatment was the highest.
The addition of Probiotic Zad1 increased the amount of solids non-fat and milk lactose (p˂0.05) in milk compared with other treatments.
Results of blood plasma analyzes
The total protein and globulin increased (p˂0.05) with the treatments from the control group.
It was also found that total fat was increased (p˂0.05) with the third treatment for other treatments.
The fourth treatment achieved the highest (p˂0.05) level of blood glucose compared with the rest of the treatments.
It was also found that liver enzymes AST, ALT were in the normal range between all treatments.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrated that replacing corn grains by treated date press cake in the lactating animal rations improved productive performances of animals, especially milk yield and composition. Additionally, these results revealed that there were no negative effects on the general health of the treated animals. Also, the use of DPC instead of corn grains in the CFM processing can greatly reduce production costs.
After reviewing the results of this study, it is clear to us that replacing 25% of corn with DPC and adding Zad1 together were more effective in improving digestion and rumen, thus increasing animal production and improving product characteristics. It is recommended to replace sorghum in milk cattle with DPC as previously mentioned.