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Abstract The family Moraceae is commonly known as mulberry or fig family because of the two largest genera of family which are (Morus and Ficus) followed by genus Artocarpus. Family Moraceae is a family of about 73 genera and over 1000 species distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions with several medicinal importance, economically the family is important for its many edible fruits as figs, morus, bread and jack fruit. Genus Artocarpus included about 70 species which are native to parts of southern and south east Asia including A.altilis Fosberg ,A.heterophyllus Lam. Family Moraceae is rich in flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids and other compounds including triterpenoids and steroids which reported antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and antimicrobial activities. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam had a lot of uses in folk medicine such as: In India ,milk juice of the plant alone or mixed with vinegar applied externally to glandular swellings and abscesses promoting healing, roots were used for diarrhea, tender leaves and the roots were useful in skin diseases;seeds used as diuretic . In China, roasted seeds were regarded as aphrodisiac; jack fruit leaves alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers; root extract was taken in case of fevers and the wood had sedative action upon boiling.Artocarpus altilis Fosberg had a lot of uses in folk medicine such as: In folk medicine and daily life uses, it had many uses as leaves used to treat liver diseases and fevers; flower extract was effective in treating ear oedema. In Trinidad and the Bahamas a leaf decoction decreased blood pressure and relieved asthma. Though many phytochemical constituents and valuable medicinal uses were reported from different plants belonging to family Moraceae, yet there have been no reports concerning phytochemical composition of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam leaves and no much reports concerning biological activities but for Artocarpus altilis Fosberg leaves there has been few reports concerning phytochemical composition and biological activities. This study was concerned mainly with jack fruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) rather than bread fruit (Artocarpus altilis Fosberg )as after screening of invitro biological activity bread fruit showed less activity than jack fruit leaves. The present study is carried out to evaluate biological activities, identification and isolation of phytochemical constituents. This study is comprises four chapters: Chapter (I): Botanical study deals with macromorphology of different parts of both A.heterophyllus Lam and A.altilis Fosberg and micromorphology of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.Chapter (II): Biological studies deals with antioxidant activity of different fractions of both A.heterophyllus Lam and A.altilis Fosberg ,antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of 70% ethanol and n-butanol Chapter(III): Phytochemical studies embraces the pharmacopeal constants, preliminary phytochemical screening, determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids, identification of sugars and the phytochemical investigation of the biologically active n-butanol extract of the powdered air dried leaves of A.heterophyllus Lam, in order to isolate components contribute in that activities as well as structure elucidation of these components Chapter (IV): is devoted for the investigation of the lipoidal matter of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam Chapter I: Botanical study 1. Macro morphology of different plant parts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg. Based upon screening of literature .there were differences in morphological characters between fruits, leaves, flowers and seeds in both plants. 2. Micromorphology of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam showed some characteristic features as: a) Two layers of epidermis (upper and lower epidermis) both of them were covered with thick layer of cuticle containing multiple storage glands. b) Lower epidermis contained anomocytic stomata.c) Presence of parenchyma cells containing tannins. Chapter II: Biological studies Extraction and chromatographic examination of 70% ethanolic plant extract: Air dried powdered leaves (2 Kg) of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam were exhaustively extracted with 70% ethanol, it was fractionated between different solvents; their yields were petroleum ether 23%,n-butanol 11%,chloroform 5.8% and ethyl acetate 3.5% respectively ,air dried powdered leaves (100g) of Artocarpus altilis Fosberg were exhaustively extracted with 70% ethanol, it was fractionated between different solvents; their yields were petroleum ether 19.5%,n-butanol 10%,chloroform 5% and ethyl acetate 3.5% respectively,(fig 2,3,materials p.44) 1. Determination of in vitro biological study of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg. For Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg, the best fractions exhibited antioxidant activity using DPPH and iron chelating activity in vitro were 70% ethanol fraction followed by the nbutanol and water fractions, these fractions had more antioxidant activity than vitamin E (reference drug). The lowest fractions that showed in vitro antioxidant activity were the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. Comparison between antioxidant activity of both Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg by DPPH showed that all Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam fractions have more antioxidant activity than all fractions of Artocarpus altilis Fosberg.2. Determination of in vivo biological studies of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. 2.1. Determination of median lethal dose: The median lethal dose (LD50) calculated for alcoholic extract of A.heterophyllus Lam was 8g\Kg body weight. 2.2.The antihyperglycemic activity: The antihyperglycemic activity was done as comparative study between GLB and JFEE, JFBE. Administration of GLB to STZ diabetic rats showed significant declines in FBG, %HbA1C and TBARS levels by - 29%, -15% and -16%, respectively (P<0.05) associated with significant increase in serum insulin level by+26% as compared to STZ-diabetic rats, while administration of JFEE to STZ-diabetic rats elicited significant increment in serum insulin by +81%, joined with significant decrement in FBG, %HbA1C and TBARS levels by -72%, -34% and -26%, respectively, (P<0.05 ). Administration of JFBE to STZ-diabetic rats elicited lesser changes than in case of JFEE intake. 2.3.The antihyperlipedemic activity : The antihyperlipedemic activity was done as comparative study between GLB and JFEE, JFBE. Administration of GLB to STZ diabetic rats showed a significant decrease in serum VLDL-C, TG and LDL/HDL ratio by –21%, -21% and -14%, P<0.05, respectively, as compared to STZdiabetic rats. The TC, LDL-C significantly declined by -12% and -8%, respectively, however, HDL-C increased significantly by 7%, P<0.05, as compared to STZ-diabetic rats. The oral intake of JFEE to STZ-diabetic rats showed significant decline in serum TC, LDL-C, LDL/HDL ratio, VLDL-C and TG by -19%, -23%, -39%, -37% and -37%, respectively,P<0.05, as compared to STZ-diabetic rats. The HDL-C elicited significant increase by +37%, P<0.05, as compared to STZ-rats. The intake of JFBE to STZ-diabetic rats produced significant decline in serum TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG and LDL/HDL ratio levels by -14%, -17%, -31%, -31% and -25%, respectively, P<0.05, however, serum HDL-C level showed significant increment by +11%, P<0.05, as compared to STZ-diabetic rats . Chapter III: Phytochemical studies 1. Pharmacopeal constants of A.heterophyllus Lam and A.altilis Fosberg. 2. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves of A.heterophyllus Lam and A.altilis Fosberg indicated the prescence of carbohydrates and/or glycosides, tannins ,flavonoids and sterols and \or triterpenes and absence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, anthraquinones, condensed tannins, alkaloids, resin , coumarins ,steam volatiles and crystalline sublimate in both Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg air dried powdered leaves. 3. Quantitive determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam 3.1. Determination of total polyphenols of 70% ethanolic extract of A.heterophyllus Lam by colorimetric method calculated as gallic acid The total polyphenols content of the 70% ethanolic extract of A.heterophyllus Lam was determined from the curve , the gallic acid equivalent =142 GAE\g. 3.2. Determination of total flavonoids of 70% ethanolic extract of A.heterophyllus Lam by UV spectroscopy calculated as quercetin The total flavonoids of the 70% ethanolic extract of A.heterophyllus Lam were determined from the curve, the total flavonoids calculated as quercetin =0.0888mg\g . 4. Identification of carbohydrates through hydrolysis indicated the presence of glucose, galactose, fructose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose. 5. Phytochemical investigation of n-butanol extract of air dried leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam The biological activities of the n-butanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (jack fruit) leaves were previously investigated (chapter II).The extract was found to possess significant antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipedimic activities (in vitro and in vivo).Therefore, steps were taken to do further in depth phytochemical study of the n-butanol extract of leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam(jack fruit). Isolation of phytochemical constituents from biologically active extract of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. The column chromatographic investigation of the n-butanol fraction proceeded as described in this (chapter III) led to the separation of four fractions. These fractions were further manipulated through column chromatography for several times leading to the isolation of the individual chemical constituents. Furthermore the isolated constituents were purified using different chromatographic techniques to give the main compounds,(fig .17,p.95). Four compounds identified and isolated for the first time from this plant namely gallic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol. Fifth compound apigenin -7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was not identified but its aglycone was identified before from leaves of jack fruit. Chapter IV: Investigation of the lipoidal matter of air dried leaves of A.heterophyllus Lam In this chapter,investigation of the lipoidal matter of the air dried powdered leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam was carried out including both the saponifiable matter (fame) and the unsaponifiable matter (usm). GLC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam revealed the following results 1. Total identified compounds amounted to 99.40 % of the fatty acid methyl ester. 2. The total identified saturated fatty acids (65.338%) were found higher than that of unsaturated fatty acids (34.05%). 3. from table (21); the major components; palmitic acid (45.93%) and oleic acid (27.22%) followed by stearic acid (16.097%) then in less quanitymyristic acid (3.3%) and linolenic acid (2.34%). The fatty acids were not identified before from leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam The unsaponifiable matter of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam represented 63.3% of lipoidal matter. 1. The total identified compounds amounted to be 94.522% of the unsaponifiable matter 2. The total identified hydrocarbons represented 34.72% of the theunsaponifiable matter 3. The total identified sterols represented 59.695% of the theunsaponifiable matter 4. Squalene (18%), tetradecane (7.342%) and dodecane (4.731%) were found to be major hydrocarbons. 5. Ergost-25-ene 3, 5, 6, 12-tetrol (18.22%), ursolic acid (12.123%) and cyclolaudenol (9.283%) were found to be major sterols. 6. Compounds: Campsterol, squalene, cyclolaudenol were not identified before from the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. 7. Ursolic acid was identified and isolated from root bark of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam . 8. Cycloeucalenol was identified and isolated from Artocarpus champeden but first time identified from leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. |