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العنوان
TECHNICAL PACKAGES OF NUTRITION AS A TOOL TO USE ON FARM FEED RESOURSES UNDER MIXED PRODUCTION SYSTEM /
المؤلف
Atwa, Soliman Elsayed Soliman.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / Hamdy Mohamed Ahmed El-Sayed
مشرف / Hussin Saad Soliman
مشرف / Mohamed Abdel-Aziz El-Wardani
مناقش / Abdel-Rahman Mahmoud Abdel-Gawad
مناقش / Soliman Mohamed Soliman Abdelmawla
مناقش / Hamdy Mohamed Ahmed El-Sayed
تاريخ النشر
2018.
عدد الصفحات
174 p. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
ماجستير
التخصص
علم الحيوان والطب البيطري
تاريخ الإجازة
1/1/2018
مكان الإجازة
جامعة عين شمس - كلية الزراعة - الإنتاج الحيواني
الفهرس
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Abstract

The objective of the present study was to use the system approach to know the base-line information of existing features of nutritional packages adoption by the small farmers under mixed farming system. A cross-sectional survey of 200 households was carried out through semi-structured interviews with questionnaire. The sample was collected from four governorates, two in Nile Delta region (Sharkia and Menoufia) and two in middle Egypt regions (El-Fayoum and Menia).
The obtained results could be summarized as follows
1. Social characteristics of the householders
Most of farmers in Menoufia (50%) and El-Fayoum (44%) attained a high degree of education, however the however, the illiteracy level was higher in Menia governorate since 42% of the respondents were illiterate.
Around 54% and 49 % of the respondents in Sharkia and Menoufia respectively, had permanent jobs as while in Menia (52%) and El-Fayoum (66%) they worked as farmers and earned their living from agriculture. about 49% of the respondents in Nile Delta worked as employees however, 59% of them in Middle Egypt worked as farmers in their land.
The majority of farmers in Sharkia (68%), El-Fayoum (58%),Menia (72%)and Menoufia (66%) had between 20-40 years of experience. The same trend was observed in Nile Delta (67%) and Middle Egypt (65%).
2. Cultivated Land
The most important grown winter crop was wheat followed by berseem as a fodder crop in all the studied governorates. In summer season, about 37.68% 92.26 %, 64.85% and 49.77% of the total cultivated area was occupied with corn in Sharkia, Menoufia, El-Fayoum, and Menia governorates respectively Sugar crops represented about 14.05 % in Middle Egypt region compared to zero in Nile delta region
3. Quantity of crops residuals
During winter season, wheat straw represented the highest percentage in Sharkia and El-Fayoum being 92.05 % and 89.94% respectively, and it was the only residual in Menoufia. While in Menia, wheat straw (49.82%) and sugarcane bagasse (49.48%) were the prevailing residuals.
In summer season, 86.28% was rice straw and 13.72% was corn stalks in Sharkia governorate. The major component of crop residues was corn stalks in Menoufia and El-Fayoum governorates amounted 98.19% and 96.69% respectively. Whereas it was soybean straw (51.35%) in Menia governorate followed by corn stalks (48.62%).
4. The various purposes for crop residues usage
The highest percentage of farmers either under the different governorates {Sharkia (72%), Menoufia (80%), El-Fayoum (70%), and Menia (72%)} or regions { Nile Delta (76%) and Middle Egypt (71%)} used crop residues for animal feeding. Concerning the overall overview, the highest percentage of households 73.5% utilized their crop residues as animal feed followed by bedding (12.5 %) and finally burning it in the field (7.0%).
5. Adoption strategy of nutritional packages
The vast majority of farmers were fully adopted of the nutritional packages. However, the percentage of nutritional packages adopters in Nile Delta (87%) was a little bit higher than their counterparts in Middle Egypt (80%).
Sharkia and Menoufia had the highest percentage of Nutritional packages adopters being 90% and 84% as compared to those presented in El-Fayoum and Menia being 84% and 76%, respectively.
The overall value showed that the non- adopters represented a minor percentage (16.5%) of the total surveyed sample, whereas, the adopters of nutritional packages represented nearly the largest percent being 83.5%.
6. The extent of nutritional packages adoption by the respondents
The highest percentage of the respondents (39.50%) adopted corn silage. The followed by berseem hay, where, nearly 20.5% of the farmers adopted berseem hay. Followed by untraditional green forages (UGF) (such as elephant grass and sweet corn), represented about 17% of the total sample. Whereas, urea and molasses were adopted by the farmers to a limited extent being 4% and 2% respectively.
7. Frequency of nutritional packages
In Nile Delta and Middle Egypt about 59.1 and 40.9 % of the farmers adopted the nutritional packages only foe one times. While, nearly 51.92 and 48.08 % of them under the aforementioned regions respectively, adopted the packages for four times and more. It seemed that most farmers adopted silage either for one (100 and 100%), two (71.43and 66.67%), three (66.67 and 40%), and four times and more (50.0 and 42.86%) in Menoufia and Menia, respectively.
Silage was the first nutritional package being adopted by 80% of farmers for only one times, followed by hay, that was the second nutritional packages being adopted either for two( 50%) , three(37.5), or four times and more(46.15) in Sharkia governorate. On the other hand, silage and untraditional green forages (UGF) recorded the highest adoption percentage for one (33.33 and 33.33%), two (27.27 and 54.55%), three (50 and 28.57%), and four times and more (36.36 and 36.36%) respectively, in El-Fayoum governorate.
8. Herd composition
farmers who used silage, hay, and green forages, have the highest animal numbers, either from native cows, cross-breed cows, buffaloes, sheep, goat, and donkey compared to those who do not use the nutritional packages (non-adopters). El-Fayoum had the highest percentage of native cows and donkeys (38.22 % and 31.03%) followed by Menia (31.03% and 26.17%). However, Sharkia had the highest percentage of crossbred cows, buffalos, and goat being 36.52%, 33.59% and 34.39% followed by El-Fayoum being 27.15%, 23.5%, and 28.04% respectively.
9. Herd structure
Farmers adopting silage had the highest proportion of dairy cows about 51.54% vs 13.08 % for the non-adopters. The same trend was observed for heifers, fattening, and growing cows, being 49.18%, 52.17, % and 46.59% vs 11.48%, 8.7%, and 17.05% respectively. However, farmers adopting urea and molase had the lowest percentage of dairy indigenous cows being 5.38% and 0.00 % vs 13.08 % for non-adopters.
Regardless of the animal type and age, animal percentage under silage (64.72%), hay (18.64%), and untraditional green forages (8.34%) was higher than those under the non-adopter category (4.7%).
Regardless of the animal type and age, Sharkia governorate had the highest number and consequently percentage of animals followed by El-Fayoum governorate
10. Impact of nutritional packages adoption on feeding schedule
Using corn silage resulted in a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in daily berseem and rice/wheat straw per indigenous dairy cow, crossbred cow and dairy buffalo being 34.16, 36.26 and 37.20 than those in non-adopters.
Adding corn silage during winter to heifer’s ration for indigenous, crossbred and buffalo significantly (P< 0.05) decreased berseem consumption (16.38, 18.12, and 16.52 respectively) quantities compared to their counterparts in non-adopters.
Adding ammonia/urea reported a significant (P < 0.05) increase in daily consumption of sorghum for indigenous cow, crossbred cow and buffalo being 35.00, 32.00, 33.00 and kg/animal/day.

11. Impact of adoption on milk and beef productivity
11.1. Milk production
average daily milk yield (DMY) recorded the highest significant (P< 0.05) value under the silage and urea adopter households compared to non-adopter households being 4.73, 4.50 and 2.65 liters per native cow and 9.96, 8.62 and 5.28 per cross bred cow respectively. The same trend was observed for buffaloes, where the non-adopters recorded the lowest value of milk per day being 4.08 liters and the adopters of silage and molasses recorded the highest value of milk per day being 8.16 and 7 liters, respectively.
Farmers who adopt urea had the longest lactation period per native cow (200 days), while the non-adopters had the shortest lactation period per native cow (166.15 days). Concerning crossbred cow, the longest lactation period was detected for farmers adopted silage (198.67 days) and hay (197.69 days) and the shortest lactation period was observed for the non-adopters group (171.42 days).
It was obvious that calving interval significantly (P<0.05) increased for all dairy animals (indigenous cows, crossbred cows, and buffaloes) under non-nutritional packages adopters being 387, 388.57, and 402 days for the aforementioned animals, respectively.
The highest significant total milk yield (TMY) for indigenous cows, crossbred cows, and buffaloes was in El-Fayoum (713.28 liters), Menoufia (1867.14 liters), and Sharkia (1451.15liters), respectively.
Dairy animals reared under the Nile Delta had the highest significant daily milk yield (DMY), where it was 4.05 , 8.52, and 7.29 liters vs 3.76, 7.74, and 6.48 liters for indigenous cows, crossbred cows, and buffaloes, respectively.
11.2. Beef production
The start weight of indigenous cows (242.5 kg), crossbred cows (233.33kg) and buffaloes (350kg) reared under green forages and urea adopters were significantly heavier under than those reared under non-adopters being 162.50, 143.33, and 250.00 kg, respectively.
The heaviest finished weight of indigenous cows was detected for farmers adopted urea and green forages being 400kg. The same trend was observed for crossbred cows and buffaloes among urea adopter where they achieved a finished weight of 483.33 and 500 kg respectively versus 333.33 and 375 kg for non-adopters.
Indigenous cows, crossbred cows, and buffaloes for non-adopters of nutritional packages had the lowest live weight gain being 0.48, 0.52, and 0.59 kg/day as compared to those belonging to nutritional packages adopters.
Menia governorate had the heaviest significant (P<0.05) start weight for indigenous cows (208.67 kg) and crossbred cows (214.28 kg), and also the heaviest significant (P<0.05) finished weight being 393.33 and 450.0 kg for the aforementioned animals, respectively. In respect of buffaloes, the heaviest significant (P<0.05) start weight and finished weight was found in Menia and Menoufia being 213.0 and 447.47 kg, respectively.
The highest significant (P<0.05) live weight gain for indigenous cows, crossbred cows, and buffaloes was found in El-Fayoum, Menoufia being 0.82, 0.98, and 1.09 kg/day, respectively.
The values of start weight (209.82kg), finished weight (400.89) and live weight gain (0.84kg/day) for indigenous cows were significantly higher in Middle Egypt than their counterparts in Nile Delta. However, Sharkia recorded the highest significant values of the aforementioned traits for buffaloes being 184.80kg, 427.94kg, and 1.02kg/day, respectively than those in middle Egypt.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Dairy and beef cattle farming in Egypt are composed mainly from smallholder traditional mixed farming system being managed in traditional ways. The effect of many technical and social factors would be beneficial to improve the dairy production. Understanding the adoption of technologies is crucial for development success and accomplishment of policies and programs in animal production development under rural conditions. Using of appropriate nutritional packages will reduce the shortage of feed leading to a sustainable animal production. Consequently there will be a potential increase in the income of household from forage establishment and nutritional packages adoption as a strategy to improve the living standard of smallholder cattle farmers. The core discovery of the study indicated that there was a significant advantage of nutritional packages adopters on milk yield and the number of cattle. However, greater efforts will be needed to use these technical packages. The overall knowledge about the appropriate feeding and management has a positive effect on the adoption level of farmers and the frequency of it. First, great attention should be given in altering and increasing the farmers’ awareness, through putting the proper extension strategies to train the farmers. Ensuring a relation between farmers and researchers in research institutes is highly recommended.