الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the present investigation, antimicrobial efflux pump is investigated among clinical isolates of Gram-negative rods. It was found that antimicrobial efflux pump is involved in the establishment of resistance among the tested isolates. Also, loss of outer membrane proteins is one of the main mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance that appear among these isolates. In addition, reserpine, CCCP, omeprazole and pantoprazole are capable of potentiating the activities of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against Gram-negative rods through inhibition of antimicrobial efflux pumps. Reserpine-ciprofloxacin showed the best synergistic effect against Ps. aeruginosa isolates, while CCCP-ciprofloxacin is the best combination against E. coli isolates.