الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work was conducted to study the possible protective effect of Spirulina platensis on histopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical changes induced by DBN precursors in both the urinary bladder and liver of male rats The histopathological and ultrastructural examinations of the urothelium in rats treated with DBN precursors showed lowgrade papillary tumors. Moreover, the histopathology and ultrastructure of the liver of rats treated with DBN precursors showed hepatocyte vacuolization, oedema, lymphocyte infiltration and pyknotic nuclei. By immunohistochemical investigations, the urothelium and hepatocytes displayed a very high significant increase in the p53% and PCNA LI.
Also, the hepatoprotective role of Spirulina can be illustrated in this study by the histopathological and ultrastructural examination of the liver where only little dilatation in the blood sinusoids, slight vacuolization in the cytoplasm and few pyknotic nuclei were observed. Immunohistochemically, the urothelium and the hepatocytes of these animals illustrated a very high significant decrease in the p53% and PCNA LI when compared with the animals given DBN precursors. Using Spirulina seems to have realistic results and rapid curative effect. The development of specific therapeutic strategies based on natural algal products should be considered as an attractive approach. Based on these fascinating possibilities, Spirulina offers a great promise for patients not only with bladder cancer but also with liver injury.