الفهرس 
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Abstract
Trichomonas gallinae is a protozoan parasite, of pigeons develop canker. Young pigeons called ”squabs” are frequently infected with T. gallinae and can develop the illness to the point of death, although adult pigeons can act as carriers while exhibiting no clinical symptoms. In the first research, 50 squabs with an age range of one month or younger were bought from pigeon markets located around the Giza governorate in Egypt. Direct wet mount assay of the squabs’ oral excretions and using of the Giemsa stain showed that 64% (32/50) of them were positive for T. gallinae. Ten squabs were experimentally infected with 103 T. gallinae trophozoites/mL, which caused oral lesions on the mouth, tongue, and soft palate. On the sixth day after infection, all of the squabs also had yellowish-white nodules (like cheese) in the oral cavity. A part of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1/5.8S/ITS2) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then sequenced, from a subset of five samples that had been cultivated in modified Diamond’s media.
The five isolates had 64-91% similarity, according to phylogenetic analysis, with some reference isolates found to be in circulating in Egypt and adjacent countries. In the second research a total of 16 squabs were experimentally infected by inoculating 4 × 104 trophozoites induced in 1 mL of 48-hour culture medium after one week of examination to be sure free from Trichomonas gallinae, post-infection were divided into four groups for the in vivo examination, the first group control (CON) was infected but not treated. On the first day of treatment, the second group received treatment using metronidazole (MTZ) (Flagyl®) at one dose of 25 mg/mL/squab/day, the third group was treated with geranium essential oil at one dose of 200 µL/squab/day; and the fourth group received treatment using geranium essential oil at one dose of 250 µL/squab/day, the 2nd and 3rd group was treated one dose for five consecutive days. from the second day till the fifth day of treatment with MTZ (Flagyl®) at the dose of 25 mg/mL/squab/day resulted in no motile trophozoite was recovered from birds in comparison to control group and geranium EO treated group (3rd group). The value of real-time PCR and relative quantification of parasite genes were calculated. It was found the relative expression of the Trichomonas viginalis cysteine proteases 2 (TvCP2 gene) was zero in the metronidazole (MTZ) treated group from the first day of treatment. However, there was no significant difference in geranium essential oil treated group (3rd group) and the control group during the period of treatment (5 days).