الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetesmellitus(DM)isametabolic disorder characterized by the presence of chronichyperglycemiaaccompaniedby greater orlesserimpairment in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. DMisprobablyoneoftheoldestdiseases knowntoman.Itwasfirstreportedin Egyptian manuscript about 3000 years ago. In 1936, the distinctionbetween type 1 and type 2 DM was clearly made. Type 2 DM was firstdescribedasacomponentofmetabolicsyndromein1988
In Egypt, the prevalence of diabetes is around 15.56% among adults between 20 and 79 years of age, with an annual death of 86,478 related to diabetes. Furthermore, reports indicate that 43% of patients with diabetesandmostpatientswithprediabetesinEgyptarelikelyundiagnosed.ItisalarmingthatdiabetesprevalenceinEgypthasincreased rapidly within a relatively short period from approximately 4.4millionin2007to7.5million in2013.Itisexpectedthisnumberwilljumpup to13.1millionby2035.
Diabetes is also the major cause of end-stage renal disease and leg amputation in Egypt chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition that refers to a long-term loss of kidney function. It tends to be diagnosed in the presence of other co-morbidities (particularly hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.