الفهرس 
الباب الاوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Egypt is primarily an agricultural country, as it possesses natural resources that have supported agricultural activities for thousands of years. Egypt has certain relative advantages in the production of various agricultural crops. The importance of this study lies in examining Egypt’s competitive position in the international market for agricultural products. This involves identifying key strengths and utilizing them to maximize the economic returns from agricultural exports. This, in turn, contributes to increasing the country’s share of foreign currency and supports ongoing social and economic development at the desired levels.
Egypt’s agricultural exports data indicate that the most important export crops are oranges, potatoes, grapes, onions, cotton, frozen vegetables, dried beans, strawberries, frozen potatoes, and tomatoes, respectively. These crops accounted for approximately 80% of Egypt’s total agricultural exports during the period from 2011 to 2020. The average annual value of agricultural exports from these crops was around $1.7 billion.
The problem of the study can be summarized as the weak competitiveness of crops from developing countries in global markets and negatively impacts the returns from these exports in hard currency. It may also lead to an increase in the trade deficit. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to examine the situation of Egypt’s agricultural exports and identify its competitive position to maximize the benefits from marketing opportunities for exportable agricultural crops in the international market.
The study relied on several secondary local data sources, including the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation’s economic affairs sector, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, the Central Bank of Egypt, international data from the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as local data on gross domestic product, agricultural gross domestic product, agricultural commodity prices, quantity and value of agricultural exports and imports, and global data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database.
To achieve its objectives, the study employed various descriptive and quantitative analytical methods.
The study consisted of three sections. The first section addressed the theoretical framework of the study, including the problem, objectives, sample, data sources, and research methodology. It also estimated several quantitative indicators related to export competitiveness, which were divided into two categories:
1. Traditional indicators of the competitiveness of Egypt’s major agricultural export crops:
• Relative price index
• Market share index
• Market penetration index
• Instability coefficient
2. Competitiveness of Egyptian agricultural exports in international markets using the modern approach:
• Remaining demand elasticity
These indicators were measured to assess the institution’s contribution and identify the position of Egyptian crops in domestic and international markets. This helps expand activities, develop competitive capacities, and meet demand in the external market through exports, which have a positive impact on the economy. Foreign trade is essential for economies as it allows countries to specialize in certain areas and sell their products to other countries. This leads to increased efficiency, greater product diversity, and stimulates competition among nations, resulting in increased innovation and reduced prices. International trade also promotes economic growth.
The second section of the study discussed the theoretical framework of international trade and export competitiveness. It covered theories explaining international trade, the international framework governing international trade operations, and an introduction to the World Trade Organization, including its objectives and activities. It also explored the advantages and importance of international trade, as well as the negative aspects of international trade. Lastly, it addressed the competitiveness of goods and services in global markets.
Chapter 3 discusses the analysis of the competitive situation of Egyptian export crops. It consists of eight sections. The first section focuses on descriptive statistics, including the development of area, production, productivity, global production, exports, and global imports. It also analyzes Egypt’s exports of oranges and measures the competitive indicators of the most important Egyptian agricultural export crops using both traditional and modern methods.
The data on oranges indicates that the average orange cultivation area during the period from 2011 to 2020 was about 343.72 thousand acres. The data also reveals that Egyptian oranges are exported to a large number of global markets, with exports reaching approximately 134 countries worldwide.
The results of the relative price of oranges indicate that, except for Turkey and Greece, Egypt enjoys a significant price advantage compared to its competitors on the global level. Furthermore, the market share of Egyptian oranges shows that Egypt dominates the markets of Jordan, India, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Oman, Ukraine, and Kuwait, with a percentage of the total orange market in these countries reaching approximately 69.2%, 66.8%, 53.3%, 48.9%, 45.5%, 44.5%, and 39.7%, respectively. These results demonstrate that Egyptian oranges have a large market share in most of their importing markets, which can be attributed to their competitive price and quality level.
The results of the market penetration index for oranges indicate that Egypt has the ability to penetrate some of the global imported markets and increase its exports in those markets, thus raising its market share. This is due to the importance of these crops in those markets.
Regarding the volatility of orange exports, the results of the coefficient of instability indicate that Egyptian orange quantities are characterized by instability. However, the direction of orange exports has become more stable compared to export price fluctuations.
The results of the residual demand elasticity index show that there is no significant market power for Egyptian oranges. In this case, there is complete competition, and the demand curve is perfectly elastic, meaning that it is possible to increase the exported quantities to these markets, but within the framework of competitive prices without raising the price.
Chapter 2 focuses on descriptive statistics, including the development of area, production, productivity, global production, exports, and global imports. It also analyzes Egypt’s exports of potatoes and measures the competitive indicators of the most important Egyptian agricultural export crops using both traditional and modern methods.
The data on potatoes indicates that the average potato cultivation area was about 2.4 thousand acres. The data also reveals that Egypt exports potatoes to nearly 84 countries worldwide.
The results of the relative price of potatoes indicate that Egypt enjoys a significant price advantage compared to its competitors on the global level. Furthermore, the market share of Egyptian potatoes shows that Egypt dominates the markets of Lebanon, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, and Greece. It is evident that Egypt has a large market share in most of the importing markets, which can be attributed to the competitive price and quality of Egyptian potatoes.
The results of the market penetration index for potatoes indicate that it is more difficult to increase exports in these markets compared to oranges. This indicates the challenges in expanding exports in these markets.
Regarding the volatility of potato exports, the results of the coefficient of instability indicate that potato quantities are characterized by instability. The direction of potato exports is also unstable.
The results of the residual demand elasticity index indicate that there is no significant market power for Egyptian potatoes. In this case, there is complete competition, and the demand curve is perfectly elastic, meaning that it is possible to increase the exported quantities to these markets, but within the framework of competitive prices without raising the price.
Chapter 3 discusses descriptive statistics on the evolution of area, production, productivity, global production, exports, and global imports of grapes, as well as Egypt’s exports of grapes and measuring the competitiveness indicators of Egypt’s major agricultural export crops using both traditional and modern methods.
The data on grape crops indicate that the average grape cultivation area reached about 190.6 acres during the period (2011-2020). The average value of Egyptian grape exports was around $230 million, with an average annual increase of approximately $3.26 million during the same period. The results of the grape price index indicate that Egypt enjoys a significant price advantage compared to its competitors. These results show that Egypt is one of the major exporters of grapes worldwide. Furthermore, the results indicate that Egypt has a significant price advantage compared to its competitors such as Peru, the United States of America, China, and the Netherlands. These countries have a higher price advantage than Egypt. The market share results show that Egyptian grapes dominate the markets in Sudan, Slovenia, and South Africa, indicating that Egypt has a large market share in these markets. The market penetration index for grapes indicates a low market penetration rate, meaning that increasing exports to these markets is challenging. The instability results indicate that grape quantities are characterized by instability. However, grape exports have become more stable in terms of export price fluctuations compared to quantity. The results of the residual demand elasticity index are statistically significant for Egypt’s grape exports, indicating that Egypt has market power and is capable of raising prices and achieving extraordinary profits.
Chapter 4 discusses descriptive statistics on the evolution of area, production, productivity, global production, exports, and global imports of onions, as well as Egypt’s exports of onions and measuring the competitiveness indicators of Egypt’s major agricultural export crops using both traditional and modern methods.
The data on onion crops indicate that the average onion cultivation area reached about 160.1 thousand acres. There are 114 countries importing Egyptian onions. The results of the onion price index indicate that Egypt enjoys a significant price advantage compared to its competitors worldwide, except for India, Iran, and the Netherlands, where they have a higher price advantage than Egypt. The market share results for onions show that Egypt has a significant market share in most importing markets due to the competitive price and quality of Egyptian onions. The market penetration index for onions indicates that Egypt has the ability to penetrate some of the global importing markets for onions and increase its exports in these markets, thereby increasing its market share. This is due to the importance of these crops in those markets. The instability data indicates the annual instability in the quantity and value of exported onions. The results of the residual demand elasticity index indicate that there is no statistically significant market power for the onion crop. This means that there is complete competition, and the demand curve is perfectly elastic, which allows for increasing the exported quantities to these markets based on competitive prices without raising the price.
Chapter 5 discusses descriptive statistics on the development of area, production, productivity, global production, exports, and imports of cotton, as well as measuring the competitiveness indicators of Egypt’s most important agricultural export crops using both traditional and modern methods.
The data on cotton production indicates that the average cotton crop area reached around 285.7 thousand acres, with an average annual value of cotton exports amounting to about 61 million dollars. The results of the relative price index for Egyptian cotton compared to competing countries indicate that Egypt does not have a competitive price advantage compared to all cotton-exporting countries worldwide. The results of the market share index revealed that Egyptian cotton dominates the markets of the United States of America and Slovenia. The market penetration index showed a low penetration rate for cotton markets, indicating the difficulty of increasing exports in these markets. The data also indicated that cotton quantities and values are characterized by instability. Furthermore, the results of the remaining demand elasticity index imply significant results for Egypt in cotton exports, meaning that Egypt possesses market power and is capable of raising prices and achieving extraordinary profits.
Chapter 6 discusses descriptive statistics on the development of area, production, productivity, global production, exports, and imports of beans, as well as measuring the competitiveness indicators of Egypt’s most important agricultural export crops using both traditional and modern methods.
The data on bean production indicates that the average bean crop area reached around 99.9 thousand acres. The results of the general relative price for beans indicate that Egypt does not have a price competitive advantage compared to its global competitors. The results also showed that Egyptian beans have a significant market share in most importing markets, which can be attributed to the competitive quality of Egyptian beans. The market penetration index results indicated that Egypt has the ability to penetrate some global importing markets for beans and increase its exports in these markets, thereby raising its market share. The data also indicated that bean exports are characterized by stability in both quantity and value.
Chapter 7 discusses descriptive statistics on the development of area, production, productivity, global production, exports, and imports of strawberries, as well as measuring the competitiveness indicators of Egypt’s most important agricultural export crops using both traditional and modern methods.
The data on strawberry production indicates that the average strawberry crop area reached around 20.68 thousand acres. Egyptian strawberries are exported to approximately 112 countries worldwide. The results of the relative price index for strawberries indicate that Egypt has a significant competitive advantage, as the index value is lower than 100% for all competing countries globally, except Greece. The results also showed that Egyptian strawberries have a large market share in most importing markets, which can be attributed to the competitive price and quality of Egyptian strawberries. The market penetration index results indicated that Egypt has the ability to penetrate some global importing markets for strawberries and increase its exports in these markets, thereby raising its market share. The data also indicated that strawberry exports are characterized by stability in both quantity and value. Furthermore, the results of the remaining demand elasticity index imply significant results for Egypt in strawberry exports, meaning that Egypt possesses market power and is capable of raising prices and achieving extraordinary profits.
Chapter 8 discusses descriptive statistics on the development of area, production, productivity, global production, exports, and imports of tomatoes, as well as measuring the competitiveness indicators of Egypt’s most important agricultural export crops using both traditional and modern methods.
The data on tomato production indicates that the average tomato crop area reached around 454.8 thousand acres. The results of the relative price index for tomatoes indicate that Egypt has a significant price competitive advantage compared to its global competitors, highlighting the importance of export crops. The market share results for tomatoes indicated that Egypt exports large quantities to Seychelles and Tunisia and is one of their most important suppliers. However, the market penetration index results showed a low penetration rate in these markets, indicating the difficulty of increasing exports in these markets. The data also indicated that tomato exports are characterized by stability in both quantity and value. Furthermore, the results of the remaining demand elasticity index imply significant results for Egypt in tomato exports, meaning that Egypt possesses market power and is capable of raising prices and achieving extraordinary profits.
The study concluded with important recommendations, including expanding the cultivated areas of crops, focusing on exporting some dried crops that can increase commodity prices, training a skilled workforce to handle technology, and implementing policies that align with trade flows. Additionally, providing policies, facilitations, and marketing strategies that study markets to differentiate from competitors, catering to the preferences of local consumers and consumers worldwide.