الفهرس 
NTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The poultry industry is one of the most significant and vital sources of animal protein for human consumption. Egypt is one of the nations with a sizable poultry industry. Occasionally, this industry experiences financial losses due to various pathogens, particularly those associated with respiratory conditions, and ND in particular. The ND is a highly contagious viral disease that is notifiable and has a serious clinical impact as well as significant financial losses for the global poultry industry because of its high mortality rates—which can reach 100%—declined productivity, increased costs for disease control and prevention, and trade restrictions.