الفهرس 
Composting processيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
This study was carried out as a pot experiment on soil samples
collected from one salt affected soil of Egypt at greenhouse experiment, Soil
Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Egypt
during growing summer season of 2021. This study was done to evaluate the
effect of three types of compost (Without any additives ’’C’’, treated with
sulphur ’’CS’’ and treated with gypsum ’’CG’’) in two forms (regular ”R” and
nano ”N” of its particle size fractions) on some chemical properties of salt
affected soil and its content of available macro and micro nutrients as well as
their effect on tomato (Solanum lucopersicum castle rock) plants growth and
its content of some macro and micro nutrients.
A portion of fine prepared soil sample was taken and analyzed for its
physical, Chemical Properties and the content of available macro and micro
nutrients. Another fine soil sample was used in the pot experiment as
described in section of greenhouse experiment.
The used amendment in this study was compost which prepared from
two agriculture wastes.i.e. maize stalk ”MS” and farmyard manure ”FYM”
in three types.i.e without any additives ”C0”, treated by elemental Sulfur
”CS” and treated by agriculture gypsum ”CG”, where each type was used in
two size fractions.i.e regular ”R” and nano ”N” particles, the composted
Organic wastes were matured after 90 days.
Greenhouse experiment
During growing summer season this study was carried out using
transplants of tomato plants as a tested plant. A 90 plastic pots with 20 and
25 cm inter diameter and depth were used, where each pot was filled by 2kg of the tested salt affected soil. This study include 30 treatments which were:
compost types (C0, CS and CG) × 2 size fractions (R and N) ×5 application
rates (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00%). The studied treatments were arranged
within the experimental units in split split completely randomized block in
three replicates.
Before transplanting by 60 days, all compost treatments were carried
out and good mixed with the potted soil. At the same time all pots were
fertilizered by 100 Kg ordinary super phosphate (15.5 P2O5.fed-1) [0.2
gmpot-1] and good mixed with the potted soil. Then, the pots were
moisturized using tap water at moisture content of 60% of soil water holding
capacity and incubated on the room temperature (25± 2°C) for 60 days with
moisture content at 60 % soil water holding capacity. After 60 days
(incubation period) each pot was transplanted by three seedlings of Tomato
plants (Solanum lucopersicum) with 15 cm length at 4th July 2021. After
seedlings established (15 days of transplanting), the plants of each pot were
thinned to one plant.
At flowering stage (70 days), the plant of each pot was cut above soil
surface, weighted to found fresh weight (gm.plant-1 = gm.pot-1), air-dried,
oven-dried at 70°C for 48hrs, weighted to obtained dry matter yield of
tomato plant (gm.plant-1 = gm.pot-1), ground and kept for determine its
content of some macro (N, P, K and S) and micro nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and
Cu). After plant harvesting, the soil of each pot was taken, ground, good
mixed, sieved through at 2mm sieve and analyzed for some chemical
properties and its content of available essential nutrients as described in
section of soil analysis (3.6.2).
The found results may be summarized as follow,
A. Compost chemical properties
The pH, results showed that by adding sulfur to the compost, the pH
values were lower than the compost without additives or with gypsum
added .It also showed that the pH values of nanocompost are lower than
regular compost.
Electrical conductivity, the results showed that compost with gypsum
added had higher EC values than that untreated or treated with sulfur, and
the EC values in nano-form compost were lower than regular compost.
Organic matter and Organic carbon, the results showed that the
content of OM and OC in untreated compost is higher than that treated with
sulfur or gypsum. It is also higher in compost in nano form than in normal
form.
The total nitrogen content showed its highest value in compost to
which sulfur was added compared to that to which gypsum was added or to
which no additives were added, and it was higher in compost in the nano
form than in the regular form.
The ratio of carbon to nitrogen, C: N ratio in those treated with sulfur
was lower than that treated with gypsum or untreated, and it was also lower
in nanocompost than in ordinary compost.
Compost content of macro and micro elements (mg/kg), The
compost content of major and minor essential elements was higher in the
type treated with sulfur than that treated with gypsum or untreated, and this
content was also higher in the nano compost than in the regular one.
FTIR
For regular or nano compost, the treatment without additives (CRO and
CNO) has the highest intensity of OH oscillations, followed by the treatment
with sulfur or gypsum.
B. Effect of the studied treatments on soil chemical properties:
The pH, of compost treated with sulfur tends to lower the pH more
than those treated with gypsum and untreated. High rates of addition of
compost tend to lower the pH more than low rates. Compost in nano form
tends to lower the pH more than regular compost.
Electrical conductivity, using compost reduces soil EC compared to
not using it. Regular and nano compost have a positive effect in reducing
soil EC, but the positive effect of compost in nano form appeared more than
compost in its regular form. The lowest average EC appeared in compost
treated with sulfur, and its highest average appeared in compost not treated
with any additives.
Exchangeable sodium percentage, the results showed that nano
compost is more effective in reducing ESP than regular compost ESP. The
highest decrease was in nano compost treated with confinement at the
highest addition rate of 2%, and its lowest decrease was in regular compost
not treated with additions at a rate of 25.0.
Cation exchange capacity, the nano compost had a higher effect on
increasing the CEC in the soil compared to regular compost. The highest
CEC value was with the nano compost treated with sulfur at an addition rate of 2%, followed by that treated with gypsum, and the lowest CEC value was
at an addition rate of zero.
Organic matter content, the results showed that nano compost has the
highest values of OM in the soil, followed by regular compost, and with
increasing compost addition rate, this percentage increased.
C. Soil content of available nutrients
Nitrogen: The results showed that the nitrogen content in the soil
increases with nano compost compared to ordinary compost. It was noted
that its highest value was in the soil treated with nano compost to which was
sulfur added, followed by gypsum added to it in the nano form as well, and
the lowest value was in ordinary compost. The N content in the soil
increased by increasing the rates up to 2%. But there was no significant
difference between 1% and 2%.
Phosphorus: The three types of compost take the order:C0 < CG < CS
According to its effect on increasing the availability of P in the soil, nano
compost also shows a higher content of available P compared to regular
compost with all types of compost and addition rates.
Potassium: The potassium content in the soil increases with the increase
in the rate of adding compost for all its types and its forms, as well as regular
and nano, but it appears that nano has a more positive effect than regular on
the K content in the soil for all its types and rates of use. Among the three
types of compost, CG had the highest effect, followed by CS and CO.
Sulfur: The sulfur content of the soil increased with increasing rates of
adding compost for all types, and it increased with the use of compost treated with sulfur, followed by treatment with gypsum, as well as with nano
compost compared to regular one for all types and rates.
Dry weight of tomato plants: The results showed that the rate of
biomass of tomato plants increases when using nano compost compared to
regular, regardless of the type and rate of use of compost. Compost treated
with sulfur had the highest dry weight of tomato plants, followed by those
treated with sulfur, then untreated. The dry weight increased with the
increase of added rate of compost for all treatments and types.
D. Macronutrients content of tomato plants
Nano compost treatments led to higher average values of N, P, K and S
and increased uptake compared to regular. Treating compost with sulfur led
to the highest average values and uptake of elements, followed by treated
with gypsum, then the untreated. Increasing the rates of adding compost
increases the concentration and uptake of these elements.
Relationship between soil properties and its content of available
macronutrients
CEC and OM both have a strong positive relationship with the
concentration and uptake of elements by plant
ESP and EC both have a strong negative relationship with the
concentration and uptake of elements by plant
An inverse relationship also appears between pH and the plant‘s
concentration and uptake of elements.