الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious and the most common complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is important to note that ” ” " ~ " ” ”40% of patients with T2DM develop DN. DN is characterized by albuminuria and progressive reductions in kidney function. DN as a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has become a public health concern increasing the number of patients requiring renal replacement therapies (dialysis or transplantation).Early detection of DN and early intervention in DN can help to slow progression into ESRD. Screening for DN should be initiated immediately at the time of diagnosis because approximately 3% of patients with newly diagnosed T2DM already have overt nephropathy.In certain circumstances, patients with T2DM develop progressive loss of kidney function before the onset of microalbuminuria. Thus, microalbuminuria is a non-specific marker, and non-sensitive marker for early detection of DN, in patients with T2DM. There is an urgent requirement to identify more sensitive and specific biomarkers than microalbuminuria for early detection of DN.