الفهرس 
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Abstract
This thesis presents an integrated methodology for smart cities to combat outdoor fires, using
IoT-based sensors, advanced firefighting equipment, and intelligent fire design systems. It emphasizes
understanding fire behavior in tree-laden landscapes for effective risk management and minimizing
false alarms.
Evaluation of Deluge and Hydrant Systems revealed distinct advantages for each. The Deluge
System boasts rapid response times (5-10 seconds) and high flow rates, making it ideal for large-scale
suppression, although initial and installation costs are higher. Conversely, the Standalone Hydrant
System offers lower installation and maintenance costs due to manual hose connections but suffers
from longer activation times (30 minutes), best suited for localized fire suppression in residential areas.
Further refining fire management strategies requires understanding the diverse burning rates of
different plant species. The study investigated two prevalent species: the Royal Poinciana, exhibiting
a rapid combustion rate, losing 60% of its initial mass within 40 seconds, and the Italian Cypress,
displaying a slower, sustained burn. This knowledge informs the selection of appropriate suppression
methods based on anticipated fire behavior and fuel type.
Three distinct fire suppression methods were assessed: Automatic Water Nozzle (groundbased), Automatic Water Nozzle (aerial), and Fire Ball with Compact Powder (aerial). Each
demonstrated unique strengths and response times: ground-based nozzle (4-12 seconds), aerial nozzle
(6-16 seconds), and Fire Ball (18 seconds). Notably, the Fire Ball with Compact Powder exhibited a
drastic temperature drop, highlighting its effectiveness for immediate fire extinguishment.
This integrated approach underscores the multifaceted nature of fire safety in smart cities. Early
detection, real-time monitoring, and adaptable suppression methods tailored to specific scenarios and
fuel types pave the way for enhanced fire risk management and improved resilience. By integrating
detailed insights into fire behavior with cutting-edge technology, this research represents a significant
step towards making smart cities safer and more resilient in the face of fire-related challenges. This
proactive and holistic strategy fosters a safer and more secure future for these burgeoning urban
landscapes.