الفهرس 
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Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), confusion, and delirium are common consequences of anesthesia and surgery in elderly patients, especially in the early postoperative period and manifest as deficits in verbal ability, social adaptability, memory, attention.
POCD is associated with a number of risk factors, such as advanced age, low educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, electrolyte disturbance, alcohol consumption, and significant atherosclerosis as preoperative factors. In the meantime, administered medicines, hypoxia, and hypotension are regarded as intraoperative risk factors, together with postoperative risk factors such as inadequate analgesia and infections.
While not the only culprit, certain anesthetics may contribute to POCD. Older patients now make up an ever-increasing percentage of surgical patients, and POCD is more common in the elderly. In the first week following surgery, individuals between the ages of 60 and 69 had a 23% incidence of POCD, whereas patients over 70 had a 29% incidence.
Three months following surgery, 14% of patients over 70 still had cognitive dysfunction, suggesting that growing older is a significant risk factor for POCD development. Postoperative cognitive impairment is a surgical consequence that is often underestimated, despite its severe effects on patients and caregivers alike. Following surgery, patients who have experienced cognitive impairment need more nursing care and longer hospital stays, which raises the hospital’s expenses. Compared to before surgery, patients with postoperative cognitive impairment require more help and attention with all tasks since there is a significant correlation between long-term postoperative cognitive impairment and decreased activity of daily living.