الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Our global economy is impacted by global trends, which include changes in population growth and rising demands for water and energy. As water is essential for energy production and water supply is energy dependent. Although water covers three-quarters of the Earth’s surface, 97.5% is undrinkable saline water including seawater, wastewater, and brackish water. As the domestic use of freshwater is critical to our continuity including the agricultural sector of our economy and many of our industrial processes, global water crises and energy are a threat of highest concern. As a result, several efforts have been made to solve this problem such as recycling wastewater, filtration, ion exchange, crystallization and electro-dialysis index (EDI). All previous leading strategies are disadvantaged by the high cost and high maintenance such as ion exchange techniques which are ineffective in removing bacteria from water, while the regeneration of beds saline water is sent into the environment. Moreover, these dominant strategies require electrical energy more than 0.4% of the worldwide electricity generation capacity. Recently, Desalination technologies are widely used such as multi-effect desalination (MED), solar desalination, multi-stage flash desalination (MSFD), and thermal vapor compression. Sea water desalination using solar interfacial evaporation has attracted more attention as an economical, low maintenance and a cost-efficient technique.