الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The chrysanthemum plant, Calendula officinalis, is one of the most important ornamental plants, which represents great economic, medicinal and aromatic value because of its uses in a wide range of drugs, as well as in decorating gardens and parks. It belongs to the Asteracedie family, from the eukaryotes, the dicotyledonous seed phylum, from the Asteraceae family, and its types reach more than of 30 different types.
Therefore, these research experiments were conducted to study the effect of using natural sources of fertilizers (raw) with biofertilization and the use of different levels and concentrations of natural and biological fertilizers to reach the optimal use of these fertilizers, whether natural or biological. (2020-2021, 2021-2022) and the seeds were planted for chrysanthemums on November 8 Seasonal cultivation, where planting was done first in foam trays.
The resulting seedlings were transported and separated after 45 days of planting and the emergence of seedlings. A 30 cm plastic pot was filled in agricultural soil consisting of moss, vermiculite, and sand in a ratio of 1:1:2 by volume with the number of only one plant. For each pot, the experiment was designed in completely randomized sectors, where 6 fertilizer treatments were used for a source of raw phosphorus and natural raw potassium obtained from Al-Ahram Natural Fertilizers Company in Cairo, as well as the use of biofertilizers consisting of phosphorine and potassium from the Ministry of Agriculture in Dokki as vital sources, and the treatments were summarized in the use of phosphorus.
Crude in three concentrations of 25%, 50%, 100%, with biofertilizer and without biofertilizer, each treatment 5 replicates, and the use of crude potassium in three concentrations of 25%, 50%, 100%, with biofertilizer and without biofertilizer, each treatment 5 replicates, and the first treatment of crude phosphorus was used 25% with 3 concentrations of crude potassium 25%, 50%, 100% biofertilizer and without biofertilizer and the use of the first treatment Potassium 25% with 2 concentrations of phosphorus 50% 100% biofertilizer without biofertilizer and use The comparative treatment (control) with the biofertilizer and without the biofertiliser.
The results confirmed that the treatment (P25% + K100%) biological fertilization gave the best results during the two seasons, whether in vegetative or chemical measurements. The results indicated that the treatment (P25%, K50%) with biofertilization to results distinct from the control. Which shows that it is possible to use safe raw fertilizers with biofertilization to obtain better results in terms of quantity and quality than using control fertilizers at the recommended concentrations, as well as preserving public health and the environmental dimension because they are environmentally friendly fertilizers.
Fertilizer treatments with natural and biological fertilizers led to a positive effect on the growth and morphological and chemical characteristics of chrysanthemum plant.
Calendula officinalis, where the treatments used for raw phosphorus and raw potassium with biological fertilizers led to a positive effect compared to the (control) treatment, where natural and biological fertilizers were used mixed with the soil and when using raw phosphorus with the fertilizer. The biological results were distinct from the control treatment in terms of morphological and chemical characteristics and the effect of the phosphorus crude on the leaves, as the biofertilizer phosphoric acid was used to make the phosphorus in a form accessible to the plant. Fertilizer was also used.
Bio potassium with raw potassium as a natural biofertilizer, and the preference and superiority in vegetative and flowering characteristics was significantly clear compared to the control treatment.
Preference was given to the treatments in which phosphorus ore was mixed with potassium at optimal fertilizer levels (K25% + P25%) with the biofertilizer, as well as (K25% + P50% - P25% + K50%) and the treatment (- K25% + P100% p25% + k100% (where the highest values were And total carotenoids, as well as a significant superiority in the major elements N.B.K over the control treatment, whether with biofertilizer or without biofertilizer.
All floral measurements that were studied showed that the number of flowers/plant - flower diameter - dry weight of flowers - fresh weight of flowers were higher in the potassium ore treatments. With phosphorus ore in the presence of the biofertilizer for both of them, the coefficient of excellence also showed significant differences from the comparison treatment (control) for the first and second seasons, respectively, where all chemical components were analyzed, such as the plant content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (in the plant and flowers), as well as total carotenoids in the flowers and chlorophyll content.
The total carbohydrate content in plants and flowers recorded in the chemical components analyzed, such as the total phosphorus content and the total carbohydrate content.
The results were distinctive and achieved a noticeable significant increase in the mixing treatments between phosphorus and potassium ore in the presence of the biofertilizer, followed by the treatments of phosphorus ore alone and potassium alone, superior to the comparison treatment (control).
5-2- recommendation:
The research study recommends that the use of safe natural fertilizers that come from nature and that are available in a cheap, safe, and environmentally friendly way to replace chemical fertilizers due to the harmful effects they pose on the health of humans and other organisms and the environment and the severe danger they pose to the quality of life, which leads to reducing the harmful effects.
Resulting from the use of these chemical fertilizers and the expansion of the use of natural fertilizers for sustainable agriculture and safe agricultural production, whether agricultural production or ornamental plants, it is certain that the use of natural and biological fertilizers and their replacement with chemical fertilizers is one of the most important challenges facing those in charge of sustainable organic agriculture, which is the modern trend in future agriculture and the use of all natural sources to preserve human health and quality of life.
from an economic standpoint, the availability of these fertilizers in nature makes them rich sources of macro and micro elements. They are cheaper than those chemical fertilizers, and the study recommends expanding the use of these fertilizers and completing research studies on the effect of these fertilizers on the chemical compounds contained in the plant and the content of volatile oils and other compounds that are used in the fields of medicine and pharmacy.
Given that these studies have not been conducted, we will limit ourselves in this field to this research study at the point that there is a promising possibility for the use of natural and biological fertilizers in ornamental plants. It is widely used and has a significant impact on the morphological and chemical characteristics of the plant.