الفهرس 
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Abstract
The antagonistic side effects of chemical medications led to the search for safe strategies such as biogenic agents. Correspondingly, this study aims to create biogenic, appropriate, auspicious, and innovative therapeutic agents like Galaxaura elongata {GE}, Turbinaria ornate {TO} and Enteromorpha flexuosa {EF} macroalgae based silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The Ag+ reduction and the creation of Ag[GE]-NPs, Ag[TO]-NPs, and Ag[EF]-NPs have been validated using UV-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential and the chemical composition of macroalgae crude extracts was estimated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The biosynthesized Ag[GE], Ag[TO], Ag[EF] NPs were applied for the photodegradation of pathogenic pigments. Further, macroalgae based Ag-NPs were tested for their free radical scavenging activity by using 2, 2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTs) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), anti-cancer activity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell line, α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities and anti-arthritic effects. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was induced by subcutaneous induction of 100 µL complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) rat/day into the right hind footpad for two successive days. CFA-induced arthritic rats were orally treated with Ag[GE]-NPs, Ag[TO]-NPs and Ag[EF]-NPs in a dose 1.0 mg/kg b.wt/day for 4 weeks being paralleled with arthritic control at the same periods. Results showed that the biosynthesized Ag-NPs have a unique mechanical and physicochemical characters attributed to their high relative surface area, nanosized dimensions, and spherical shape. In addition to the stability analysis, the dangerous dyes were approximately 100% photodegraded. Also, At dose of 200 µg/mL, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity was maximized with Ag[TO]-NPs (67.26%); however, Ag[EF]-NPs was the most potent as ABTs scavenger (97.74%). Additionally, Ag[GE]-NPs had the maximum proteinase inhibitory action with 59.78%. The 1000 µg/mL of Ag[GE]-NPs, Ag[TO]-NPs and Ag[EF]-NPs revealed significant inhibitions of cell growth of HepG2 resulting in cell viabilities 5.92%, 4.44% and 11.33% respectively. The treatments of CFA-induced arthritic rats with macroalgae-based Ag-NPs have appreciably reduced the elevated pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines; in contrast, they unregulated the lowered serum Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in arthritic rats after 28 days. Hence, findings suggest that macroalgae bio-capped Ag [GE]-NPs, Ag [TO]-NPs, and Ag [EF]-NPs have magnificent biological potentials for safe biomedical antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and for pathogenic dyes removal.
Keywords: Antioxidant; anticancer; antiarthritic; anti-inflammatory; pathogenic dye removal; macroalgae; sliver nanoparticles.