الفهرس 
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Abstract
”The current study was aimed to Present a comprehensive systematic review meta-analysis of streptococci species predominance in horses with upper respiratory tract infections according to the guidelines of PRISMA, the meta-analysis on prevalence of Streptococcus species in horses with respiratory tract infections was performed. After compete search, data extraction and selection of studies, data were analyzed using comprehensive meta-analysis. Also, the present study Investigate the clinical and epidemiological trends of most common bacteria related with inflammatory airway disorders in horses as well as Identifying and characterizing the virulence gene of the bacteria most often isolated in horses with inflammatory airway disorders. The present study was conducted on sixty-nine horses of various ages and sexes. Of these, fifty horses with respiratory manifestations were included in this prospective study. The investigated horses had pyrexia, cough, nasal discharge, and enlarged lymph nodes. The horses ranged in weight from 100 to 500 kg [median (range): 330 (100-500)], and had a mean age of 4 (1 - 7) years. Nineteen healthy horses were randomly selected from the same geographic regions under the same environmental conditions and served as control group. The results of meta-analysis of selected studies were 95% confidence intervals, effect size, heterogeneity, weight, and publication bias. A total of 1831 (32.25 %) out of 5678 diseased horses in 20 study with upper respiratory symptoms were found positive for Streptococcus species. The final meta-analysis model of the size effect and null test at fixed and random effect showed the effect has a Z value of -3.371 (P-value = 0.001) as opposed to the fixed effect’s Z-value of -26.024 (P-value = 0.000). The degree of heterogenicity revealed Q value (926.104), I-squared (97.948), P-value (0.000), and the Tau-squared of 0.989 with a 0.519 Standard Error are the final heterogeneity variables. Egger’s linear regression test for asymmetry did not indicate publication bias, intercept (-0.53), 95% confidence interval (-6.45- 5.39), t-value (0.18), df = 18. The 1-tailed P-value is 0.426, and the 2-tailed P-value is 0.852. The outcome of Kendall’s tau with continuity correction (- 0.00526), with a 1-tailed P-value of 0.487 and 2 -tailed P-value of 0,974. Duval and Tweedie’s trim-and-fill method (only one study trimmed at the left side) resulted in an adjusted correlation from − 0.857 to − 0.737 with 95% CI: − 1.345 to − 0.428. The results of the present study indicate the association of Streptococcus species with clinical upper respiratory signs in horses. Concerning the obtained results, in this study, the recorded clinical signs in horses with inflammation of upper airway were fever, coughing, nasal discharge, enlarged lymph node, abnormalities in respiration rate, poor performance, abnormal sounds on larynx and trachea and sometimes abnormal chest sounds. In addition, the current study gave an indication about that There was a significant increase in prevalence of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi isolated from horses suffering from upper respiratory tract infection 44 (88%) in comparison with those healthy ones 34 (68%). Also, There was a significant increase in prevalence of E. coli isolated from healthy horses 18 (94.74%) in comparison with those suffering from upper respiratory tract infection 34 (68%). For Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, There was a significant association between Streptococcus equi subspecies equi isolation percentage and each of breed, use, vaccination, number of affected animals in the premises, over-crowding and climatic conditions where P value. For E. coli, There was a significant association between E. coli isolated from upper respiratory tract of horses and each of breed, use, vaccination, over-crowding and climatic conditions where P value <0.05. As well as, E. coli eaeA was detected in (9/52; 17.3%) of E. coli strains isolated from upper respiratory tract of horses. Meanwhile, fimH was detected in (45/52; 86.5%) of E. coli strains. Regarding Staphylococcus aureus isolation from upper respiratory tract of horses. There was a significant correlation between Staphylococcus isolation and history of travel. Also, There was significant correlation between Enterococcus spp. and each of vaccination, history of travel and feeding on dusty food.