الفهرس 
Chapter 1 IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Field data collection and satellite data acquisition are two distinct methodologies with their own unique strengths and applications in environmental monitoring. Field data collection involves direct on-site measurements and observations, offering fine-grained, localized insights into specific environmental conditions. It provides ground-truthing capabilities and precise data for specific locations. Conversely, satellite data collected provide a broader, synoptic view of large geographic areas and enable continuous, long-term monitoring of environmental changes. While satellite data may lack the detailed precision of field data, it offers the advantage of comprehensive coverage, making it especially valuable for assessing trends, patterns, and changes over time across vast regions. The integration of these two data sources is essential for achieving a holistic understanding of the environment and optimizing the benefits of both approaches in environmental research and management.
The goal of this research is to use satellite images as a method to estimate river discharge and water quality of the Nile River, which is considered the most important water source in Egypt.
This study focuses on using Sentinel 2 imagery to predict river discharge then use the Global Environmental Flow Calculator (GEFC) to assess of the Environmental Flow, and then check water quality by using Landsat 8 imagery to predict water quality parameters, which are limited to Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
Satellite data and water samples were collected for three years 2016,2017 and 2018. A cross-validation sampling method was used to divide the samples into two parts: training and testing. The relation between discharge(m3/s) and measured area (pixel) derived from Sentinel 2 imagery data was built. The efficiency of the suggested models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination values (R2), were 𝑹𝟐 =0.8312 for the model, and the validation model 𝑹𝟐= 0.9548 and RMSE=6.7. The findings revealed that the potential of Sentinel-2 data in providing valuable insights into river discharge dynamics, particularly in data-scarce regions.
The relation between TDS, TSS index and Landsat 8 OLI imagery data was derived, Satellite data and water samples were collected during four seasons in two years, 2017 and 2018. A cross-validation sampling method was used to divide the samples into two parts: 70% for training and 30% for testing. The efficiency of the suggested models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination values (R2), Values of 𝑹𝟐 for TDS, TSS models were obtained. The highest of them 𝑹𝟐= 0.16 and 0.743 respectively, representing a moderate correlation for TDS and a strong correlation for TSS, the validation models 𝑹𝟐= 0.659, RMSE=31 and 𝑹𝟐= 0.614, RMSE=2.3 respectively. The findings revealed that the TDS level and TSS concentration of Nile River surface water was effectively detected using the TDS, TSS index.
The Global Environmental Flow Calculator (GEFC) used in this research succeeded in assessing Environmental Flow and class C was chosen from the 6 EMC classes in order to maintain the river in reasonable ecological condition.