الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Iraq suffers from great environmental challenges as a result of the prevailing climatic changes such as rising temperatures, decreasing amounts of total precipitation, increasing the frequency of heat waves, frequent dust storms, drought and desertification. Climate change refers to the long-term changes that occur over decades, a century or more, caused by a rapid increase in greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels such as (coal, oil, gas).
The Earth’s climate is changing and the global climate is projected to continue to change over this century and beyond. The magnitude of climate change beyond the next few decades will depend primarily on the amount of greenhouse (heat-trapping) gases emitted globally and on the remaining uncertainty in the sensitivity of the Earth’s climate to those emissions. With significant reductions in the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), global annual averaged temperature rise could be limited to 2°C or less. However, without major reductions in these emissions, the increase in annual average global temperatures, relative to preindustrial times, could reach 5°C or more by the end of this century.
Greenhouse gases increase the temperature of the land and oceans, causingsea level rise, changes in storm patterns, changes in precipitation patterns, and melting ice and snow. Greenhouse gases at certain levels do not harm the environment. But when the concentration of these gases increases, it traps enormous heat on the earth’s surface which is known as the ’greenhouse effect’. This leads to an increase in the earth’s temperature. This phenomenon is called ’global warming
Impacts from human activity on land and in the water can influence ecosystems profoundly. Climate change, ocean acidification, permafrost melting, habitat loss, eutrophication, stormwater runoff, air pollution, contaminants, and invasive species are among many problems facing ecosystems. The greenhouse effect is a good thing. It warms the planet to temperatures that keep life on earth, well, livable. Without it, the world would be more like Mars: a frozen, uninhabitable place. The problem is, the voracious burning of fossil fuels for energy is artificially amping up the natural greenhouse effect.
Purpose of the study
The study aims to know the impact of climate change and some extreme weather phenomena on the Iraqi climate, as well as knowing the general trend of the time series of temperature and precipitation rates. The results indicated an increase in the average temperatures for each of the minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures, as well as a decrease in the total precipitation rates observed over the regions of Iraq. The study showed the behavior of greenhouse gas emissions (methane and carbon dioxide), which revealed an increase in their concentration levels due to the expansion of human activities that led to an increase in temperatures in the atmosphere and an increase inthe percentage of pollution and the extentof its health, economic and environmental impact.
Statistical data for the study
The study data were categorized into data sources that were taken from satellites and were analyzed and processed statistically represented in the data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and Iraq meteorological organization and seismology (IMOS) for comparison. In addition to analyzing the data statistically using Mann-Kendall statistical data and correlation coefficients Pearson’s r , R-Square (COD), Adj. R-Square).For each of the temperature variables minimum, maximum, mean temperature, precipitation.
Results
The results indicated that the general trend of the values of temperature variables tends to increase in its rates and indicates a decrease in precipitation rates in all the stations of Iraq selected for the study (Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, Basra) and that the type of relationship between them is a non-linear inverse relationship. The results also indicated that temperature rates increased during the summer months of the decade 2100 to more than 53ᵒC, which indicates that the general trend in temperature rates during the coming years indicates an increase in the rate throughout Iraq. This indicated that there is a significant increase in the average monthly temperature, and that this confirms the high rates of global temperatures, and the effect of this is clear on the climate of Iraq due to the nature of its desert and dry climate and its connection to the global warming phenomenon.
General direction of the study
The direction of the study is to know the impact of climate change on Iraq and the extent of the influence of weather factors on both temperature and precipitation, as they are the largest influencing part of the climate of Iraq, including the major changes it causes in terms of drought, desertification, lack of vegetation, and drying of rivers, which causes economic, social, health, and environmental problems for humans as well as He works on major environmental problems that threaten society.
The current study revealed the extent of the impact of extreme climatic phenomena on the climate of Iraq, with regard to the impact of the El Niño 3.4 climatic phenomenon and the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, in addition to the El Niño Southern Oscillation Index in terms of the impact on anomalies in temperature and precipitation variables over the regions of Iraq. The results indicated that there is a relatively slight effect between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation Index on temperature variables in some areas, and the effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the precipitation index sometimes during the winter season is clear.
Scientific benefit of the study
The practical benefit of the study lies in the importance of knowing the impact of climate change on Iraq and the world and what are the negative effects resulting from those effects and how to confront them and work to reduce harmful carbon emissions and its negative effects on the environment after it became a big and important problem in previous and recent studies that mean interest in climate change.