الفهرس 
Female Genital MutilationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 168 |  |  |
| | | from | 168 | | |
Abstract
However, presence of a part of the clitoris and labia minora can lead to increased frequency of orgasm than complete excision. The vestibule of the vagina is also an important source of erotic stimulation as the labia minora or the clitoris. This can be achieved through tactile stimulation by the male genitalia or body pressing against the labia minora, the clitoris and the vaginal vestibule. Other stimulation can occur through total body contact with partner, stimulation of levator ring muscles, stimulation of nerves lying on the perineal muscle mass, end organs in the wall of the vagina itself and breast tissues. Orgasms can be triggered through the use of fantasy alone without sexual partner or any physical manipulation of self.
The aim of the study was to improve the reproductive function of the female human beings.
This study was included 800 females, was recruited from Outpatient clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics’ in Etay Elbaroud general hospital.
Subjects was classified into; female circumcised cases: Subjects undergoing circumcision in middle age in their reproductive life. And control group: Subjects not undergoing circumcision.
The basic demographic results of our study showed that the there was a significant increase in age (years) in cases group more than the control group, while there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding age of marriage.
The work status and residence show a significant difference between the two groups, while educational level and social level and family type show insignificant difference between the two groups.
The clinical data showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding regularity of menses and dysmenorrhea.
The incidence of obstetric complication was significantly higher in cases more than the control group, the mode of assisted delivery was significantly higher in cases more than control group and post partum hemorrhage was significantly higher in cases more the control.
In our results the sexual activity showed a statistical significant difference between two studied groups regarding sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain (P < 0.05) while there was no statistical significant difference regarding lubrication (P > 0.05).
The relation between the type of FGM and sexual function showed a statistical significant relation, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction (P < 0.05), while there was no statistical significant relation regarding lubrication and pain (P > 0.05) in cases group.
Also it was found that there was statistical significant relation between incidences of complications with orgasm, satisfaction and pain (P < 0.05) while there was no statistical significant relation regarding sexual desire, arousal and lubrication (P > 0.05) in cases group.
The relation between FGM type and complications of delivery showed that the incidence of complication was significantly higher in type III of FGM more than other types (p <0.05).
Women with FGM/C showed higher sexual adverse effects. Results of our study are consistent with previous results which indicate that women subjected to FGM/C had lower sexual desire compared with the non-circumcised women.
Patients were depressed in relation to their pain, irrespective of its site: higher pain scores being associated with greater depression. Likewise a study from the Netherlands showed one in six women who had undergone FGM suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder and one-third reported symptoms related to depression or anxiety.
It might be difficult in the present time to reduce these risk and complications, this is because there is lack of knowledge regarding health consequences associated with FGM, even among local health professionals like nurses or midwifes.
Circumcision of females or female genital mutation (FGM) is a cruel procedure, a cultural tradition, which deprives women of sexual satisfaction, exposes them to psychological and physical complications. It is now prohibited by law, but this is not sufficient to eradicate. Still we need more effort to change these cultural beliefs.
FGM was also a risk factor for dysmenorrhea, obstructed labor and postpartum hemorrhage. Cases had lower mean sexual function; moreover, half of them convinced with FGM practice and with its continuation.
Further researches are needed to study the full range of FGM effects on physical, mental and psychosocial life of women. Moreover, planned health education campaigns are mandatory to elude the drawbacks of FGM and hazards of continuation of this practice.
CONCLUSION
Circumcision of females or female genital mutation (FGM) is a cruel procedure, a cultural tradition, which deprives women of sexual satisfaction, exposes them to psychological and physical complications. It is now prohibited by law, but this is not sufficient to eradicate. Still we need more effort to change these cultural beliefs.
FGM was also a risk factor for dysmenorrhea, obstructed labor and postpartum hemorrhage. Cases had lower mean sexual function; moreover, half of them convinced with FGM practice and with its continuation.
RECOMMENDATION
FGM is an embedded sociocultural practice which has made its complete elimination extremely challenging and depends in multiple axes. There must be a role for men of both Islamic and christian religion to reduce the phenomenon of FGM and educate people that it is just a bad habit not based on any religion basis.
Audio-visual media also should participate in spreading awareness among people about the negative psychological, physical and mental drawbacks resulting from FGM and showing the penalty of this procedure to the public.
Moreover, planned health education campaigns are mandatory to elude the disadvantages of FGM and hazards of continuation of this practice by the National Counsil Of Women.
The problem shows national level intrventions so the Population Council should enact laws to prohibit this crime and punishent differentiation by whom it was done, a physician or others and not criminalize the doctor alone.