الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
This experiment was carried out during four consecutive seasons (2019- 2022) a production sector farm at Kafr Ashma, Menoufia Governorate, a private farm in Kom Hamada City, Beheira Governorate, and a private farm in El - Sadat City, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt.
Objectives of the study were divided into three main subjects
1. First experiment: Cross pollination of plum cultivars.
2. Second experiment: Mutation using physical and chemical.
3. The work of the genetic imprint of the genotypes and outputs mutation.
The most important results could be summarized as follows:
The first experiment
1. The ability to survive of pollen grains.
2. The compatibility and incompatibility of plum cvs is being investigated.
3. The impact of various pollinators on first fruit set and fruiting percentage.
The second experiment
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of irradiation and soaking of Durado buds plum in several mutagenic physical and chemical, as well as grafting on nemagard root stock, the survival percentage after grafting and some vegetative growth.
1. Survival percentage after grafting mutated scions
1.1. Effect of gamma rays doses on survival of grafted plum
The effect of gamma ray doses on the survival percentage of grafted plant which ranged from 0 to 90%. A significant survival percentage (90%) was observed by control; while 50 Gy treatments was a lethal dose and no survival plants obtained after grafting.
1.2. Effect of different concentrations of EMS on survival percentage of grafted plants
The range of survival percentages after grafting, ranging from 90% to 66.5%. The control group exhibited the highest and statistically significant survival percentage (90%) after grafting, while the treatment with EMS 0.2% resulted in the lowest significant survival percentage (66.5%).
2. Effect of different doses of gamma-irradiation and different concentrations of EMS on tree morphology measurements.
2.1. Tree height: The highest significant average of tree height was observed with gamma-irradiation mutagen at 40 Gy, measuring was 60.20 cm and 165 cm in both seasons, respectively. the highest significant average of tree height was found with treatment EMS 0.2% (64.60 cm and 100.67 cm) in both seasons.
2.2. Trunk diameter: High significant average of trunk diameter development was with 40 Gy (0.59 cm and 1.38 cm) in both seasons, respectively. The treatment with EMS 0.2% resulted in a significant increase in average trunk diameter, measuring 0.62 cm in the first season.
2.3. Number of shoots: The highest significant number of shoots was observed with a dose of 40 Gy, reaching the highest significant values of 4.80 and 5.83 in both seasons. The highest significant numbers of shoots were recorded with EMS 0.2% treatment, reaching values of 4.6 and 7.5 in both seasons.
2.4. Total chlorophyll contents: The control revealed the highest significant value of chlorophyll content in comparison with both radiation and EMS.
2.5. Leaf length: The lowest value was observed by the control in both seasons (5.6 cm and 5.77 cm).
2.6. Leaf width: The highest significant value (2.22 cm and 2.25 cm) of average leaf width was achieved by treatment 40 Gy during both seasons. The highest significant value (2.30 cm and 2.37 cm) of average leaf width was detected by EMS 0.2% during both seasons.
2.7. Internodes length: The highest significant value (1.18 cm and 1.20 cm) of average internodes length was influenced by treatment 20 Gy during both seasons. The highest significant value (0.97 cm) and (0.99 cm) of average internodes length was detected by EMS 0.05% during both seasons.
2.8. Effect of different treatments of gamma rays and EMS on leaf bud at the beginning and end date of 2021 and 2022 seasons: The first date of the leaf bud beginning was recorded by 40 Gy (19 March) while the end date of the leaf bud end was 20 Gy and control (30 March) in the first season. The earliest leaf bud start date was observed in the 40 Gy treatment group on March 14th, while the latest leaf bud end date was recorded in the EMS 0.05% treatment group on March 25th in the second season.
3. Molecular genetics analyses
3.1. UPGMA dendrogram based on ISSR markers showing similarity between different concentrations of Gamma- ray used on Durado cultivars: The genotypes were classified into four main groups, exhibiting variations in tree characteristics, vegetative characteristics, and the timing of leaf bud opening. Notably, there was a noticeable difference between the 40 Gy treatment group and the control group.
3.2. UPGMA dendrogram based on ISSR markers showing similarity between different concentrations of EMS used on Durado cultivars: The genotypes were classified into four primary groups, exhibiting variations in tree characteristics, vegetative characteristics, and the timing of leaf bud opening. Notably, a notable difference was observed between the treatment involving EMS 0.2% and the control group.
Recommendation
from present study, Durado cultivar as female could be considered as fully cross incompatible with pollinizers the Pioneer, Beauty, Hollywood and African Rose parental cultivars and requires another’s cultivars are pollinator to improve yielding. In addition to the effect of different doses of gamma-irradiation and different concentrations of EMS on genotypes from Durado, showed a crucial breeding method for producing variety in fruit crops is mutation. It provides an opportunity for the improvement of plant, earliness, within a short period time; mutant identification at the genotypic level using new technologies, to produce commercial varieties and fulfill the objective of nutritional security. According to the results, the earliest leaf bud start date was observed in the 40 Gy treatment group on March 14th, while the latest leaf bud end date was recorded in the EMS 0.05% treatment group on March 25th. Therefore, it is recommended to use mutation breeding as earliness in plum by Gamma rays.