الفهرس 
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Abstract
The thesis entitled: Physicochemical studies of some heavy metal ions in Nile river and their biological applications. The thesis is composed of three main chapters: Chapter one The first chapter is introduction. This chapter is an introduction and divided into two parts; part (A) green chemistry includes a brief about Nanomaterials, types of nanoparticles, chemical synthesis of nanoparticles, green synthesis nanoparticles, characterization of nanoparticles, water treatment, importance of material used, literature survey of green chemistry. Part (B) about electrochemistry include its definition and also explains cyclic voltammetry, cyclic voltammograms and its device, types of electrode used, applications of cyclic voltammetry, electrolytic solution, the entropy, Gibbs free energy, scan rate, equilibrium constant, important material used and literature survey. Chapter two Chapter two is the experimental. This is experimental part includes the chemicals used, preparation of plant extract, green and chemical synthesis of ZnO NPs, synthesis of GCN, characterization for the prepared material, preparation of metal solution as mercuric chloride and lead nitrate, preparation of ligand solution of M.O and phenol red, cyclic voltammetry for the used metal with ligand. Chapter three Chapter three is the results and discussion. The result and discussion is divided into two main part. Part (A) green chemistry: In this work we prepared ZnO NPs using E. crassipesis plant extract, GCN and a series of GCN/ZnO nanocomposites. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized using different techniques. The XRD analysis indicates the formation of ZnO, GCN and GCN/ZnO nanocomposites in nanoscale and hexagonal phase. The FTIR analysis shows the vibration peaks for metal oxide at 460 cm−1 for ZnO and the groups, amines, alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids that participate in the chemical reactions. SEM analysis proved the spherical shape of ZnO, the irregular cluster shape of GCN and the shape of the nanocomposite is irregular nanosheets with spindle structure like the morphology for both of them. EDX analysis determined the composition of the prepared material and its elemental mapping. In XPS measurement we concluded that g-C3N4 with ZnO form a Z-scheme heterojunction that increase the efficiency for transfer of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and enhanced the redox capacity. ZnO NPs and GCN/ZnO have a high photocatalytic degradation activity in the sunlight and UV–Visible radiation. The photocatalytic activity against M.O dye founding that the highest activity for 0.5GCN/ZnO that was 46.3% that indicate the addition of 0.5 molar of GCN to ZnO has a high effect on the dye degradation than GCN and ZnO alone. 0.5 GCN/ZnO characterized with high stability as it returns to its photocatalytic activity after four cycles of the experiment in the reusability test. The antimicrobial activity against different type of bacteria showing that 1.5 GCN/ZnO have maximum inhibition for S. aureus and E.coli. Finally recognized the antioxidant activity that reach to 70% inhibition for green synthesized ZnO. Part (B) electrochemistry: It divided into three sections : Section 1: Results of Cyclic voltammetry of HgCl2 in the presences and absence of M.O in 30 ml 0.1M HNO3 by using glassy carbon electrode at 289.15 K. The cyclic voltammetry of 0.1M Hg2+ cation was studied in 30 ml HNO3 0.1M solution as a supporting electrolyte at 289.15 K in presence and absence M.O ligand at 0.1V.S-1 scan rate using glassy carbon electrode as a working electrode. The redox mechanism of Hg2+ occurs through two steps with one electron transfer. In case of Hg2+free we found that both cathodic and anodic peak current, other kinetic solvation parameters (Γc,Γa, Qc and Qa) are increased by increasing the concentration of Hg2+ in the diffusion mechanism. Increasing of cathodic and anodic surface coverage by decreasing of scan rate is happened increase in the conduction due to precipitation on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). After adding 0.01 M of M.O ligand the molecular thermodynamic parameters, stability constants and Gibbs free energies of interaction were estimated and found to increase with increase concentration of M.O . The kinetic parameters, scan rate constant, Dc cathodic diffusion coefficient and Da anodic diffusion coefficient are decreased by decrease in the scan rate indicating kinetic reaction for reaction of HgCl2 with M.O. Section 2: results of Cyclic voltammetry of lead nitrate in the presences and absence of phenol red in 30 ml 0.1M HNO3 by using glassy carbon electrode at 289.15 K. The cyclic voltammetry of 0.1 M Pb2+ cation was studied in 30 ml HNO3 0.1 M solution as a supporting electrolyte at 289.15 K temperature in presence and absence phenol red ligand at 0.1V.s-1 scan rate using glassy carbon electrode as a working electrode. The parameters Γc , Qc are slightly increased by increase in lead ion concentration indicating increase in conductance due to the increase of the lead concentration . The parameters Γa, Qa, Ipc, Ipa are sharply increased by increase of lead ion concentration indicating stripping of the oxidation peak. At different scan rates sharp increase in all the anodic peak data in comparison to the cathodic peak supporting that the anodic peak is stripping and sharp one. The molecular thermodynamic parameters, stability constants and Gibbs free energies of interaction are increased by increase in phenol red concentration to lead nitrate favoring more complexation reaction. The molecular thermodynamics ( Ep,a, Ep,a and ΔG ) are decrease by the decrease in the scan rate favoring diffusion mechanism. Section 3: results of Cyclic voltammetry of lead nitrate in the presences and absence of M.O in 30 ml 0.1 M HNO3 by using glassy carbon electrode at 289.15 K. The cyclic voltammetry of 0.1 M Pb2+ cation was studied in 30 ml HNO3 0.1M solution as a supporting electrolyte at 289.15 K temperature in presence and absence M.O ligand at 0.1V.s-1 scan rate using glassy carbon electrode as a working electrode . The kinetic parameters Γc ,Qc,Qa are increased by increase of lead ion concentration indicating more diffusion Γcvalue are slightly affected by increase in lead nitrate concentration. On adding ligand methyl orange to lead nitrate the Γc and Qc parameters for the cathodic wave are decreased favoring complexation reaction while The anodic peak are little affected by increase in M.O concentration. The thermodynamic parameters Bj and ΔG are increased by increase of M.O concentration and increase in the scan rate.The Thesis contains many data which help for further environmental study in many branches.