الفهرس 
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Abstract
P
arents’ attitudes and behaviors in day-to-day interactions with offspring, characterized as parenting style, have been associated with offspring’s mental health in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
Parenting style can be defined as the way parents take care of their child and which impacts the child’s personality development, social interaction and close relationships with significant other. As per Baumrind, authoritative parenting style is sensitive and involved in their child’s activities, responsive to their needs. Authoritarian parenting style is often characterized as having low acceptance and high control on their children. The permissive parents make few demands, lack of control and use minimal punishment.
Several influential reviews have documented that warm and accepting parenting styles are consistent predictors of favorable developmental outcomes in children, whereas hostility and rejection predict unfavorable outcomes. Adolescents who perceived a lack of parental warmth and high levels of rejection and overprotection exhibited more broad-band externalizing behaviors, aggressive behaviors and delinquent behaviors. Furthermore, perceived parental rejection was found to be the strongest predictor of the level of hostility in adolescents and adults, and of aggression/delinquency and attention problems.
A child’s ability to develop this essential bond with their parent is dependent primarily on the level of care and protection that the parent demonstrates toward their child. Previous studies have shown that abnormal parental bonding, defined as suboptimal levels of care and/or excessive levels of protection, can increase susceptibility to psychiatric disorders later in life.
Low parental care and high parental control during childhood and adolescence have been associated with depression, anxiety disorders, suicidal behavior, substance abuse or dependence, and eating disorders in adulthood.
Some of these studies found that the associations were specific to only one parent. For example, high maternal control, but not paternal control, has been associated with mood and anxiety disorders.
Aim of the study:
1- To study perceived parenting styles among adolescents with different psychiatric disorders compared to healthy adolescents.
2- To study parental bonding among adolescents with different psychiatric disorders compared to healthy adolescents.
Methods:
This was a case control comparative study; carried out in Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, between March 2023 and September 2023.
Scientific and ethical approvals were obtained from both ethical committees of institute of Psychiatry and Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University.
The study involved 50 adolescents diagnosed with different psychiatric disorders and 50 healthy matched controls. An informed written consent was obtained from all guardians in the study.
Then through a clinical psychiatric interview with the adolescents, Arabic version of the K-SADS-PL (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version) was used for diagnosing the present and lifetime psychopathologies of adolescents.
Then participants were subjected to a short, predesigned sheet including Collection of personal data and socio-demographic data, parental Bonding Instrument: to measure perceptions of key parent attitudes and behaviors reflective of parent–adolescent bonding, parental authority questionnaire: to measure Baumrind’s permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parental authority prototypes, adolescents of employees working at Okasha institute for psychiatry were interviewed using KSADS to exclude psychiatric disorders then they were subjected to: Parental bonding instrument, parental authority questionnaire.
Data were collected, revised, coded and entered to the Statistical Package for Social Science (IBM SPSS) version 27. Data was presented and suitable analysis was done according to the type of data obtained for each parameter.
Results:
Our study revealed the following:
Adolescents with psychiatric disorders perceived both parents as more authoritarian, less authoritative.
Adolescents with psychiatric disorders perceived their mothers as less permissive, while there is no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding father’s permissive parenting style.
Adolescents with psychiatric disorders received low level of care and high level of overprotection by both parents.
There was significant correlation between order of birth and maternal authoritative parenting style, the lower the order of birth, mother is more authoritative; however, there is no significant difference between parenting styles, parental bonding and other demographic data.
There was significant relation between all diagnoses of psychiatric disorders and parenting style and bonding.
Adolescents with MDD and ADHD perceived their parents as more authoritarian, less authoritative and less permissive. They also received low levels of care and high levels of overprotection from both parents.
Adolescents with GAD, OCD, Anorexia Nervosa and conduct disorders perceived their parents as more authoritarian, less authoritative. They also received low levels of care and high levels of overprotection from both parents. There was no significant difference regarding permissive parenting style.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study emphasized that parenting styles could be considered as predictors and predisposing factors for psychiatric disorders in adolescents. Adolescents with psychiatric disorders perceived both parents as more authoritarian, less authoritative. They also received low level of care and high level of overprotection by both parents.
These results shed more light on the important role of parents in developing the children’s mental health by emphasizing childhood and adolescence.
Our findings further confirmed that while there are several biological and psychosocial factors involved in the development of psychiatric disorders, the role of parents should be considered in mental health promotion strategies. Planners and executers of mental health programs should revise family education programs and provide necessary training for families on the importance of parents’ appropriate and optimum care and control for their children.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Clinical recommendations
1- Establishing parenting educational programs for caregivers.
2- Engagement of parents in psychotherapy for adolescents with different psychiatric disorders will be beneficial.
3- Increase public awareness about psychiatric disorders in adolescents.
Research recommendations
1- Encouraging longitudinal studies to be held for further exploration of the relation between parenting styles and psychiatric disorders.
2- Further studies should be done on a larger sample to overcome any reason for lack of consistency.
3- Studying parenting styles and parental bonding from parents’ point of view.