الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Type-2 diabetes is considered a metabolic syndrome associated with insulin resistance, accompanied by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting in copious of secondary complications as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The affected people are growing over the world, thus type-2 diabetes considered as a severe health problem.
Autophagy is a very important biological process, recycling unfolded proteins and damaged cellular organelles for lysosomal degradation to provide energy and nutrients. In general, autophagy is characterized as a cellular protective mechanism to defend against a variety of stress stimuli such as starvation, hypoxia, ER stress and oxidative stress, while excessive or persistent autophagy can also promote apoptosis.