الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the WorkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The impact of parasitic zoonosis on health, the economy and society have increased in recent years. Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are one of the most widespread zoonotic pathogens in the world. Until recently, all Trichinella infections occurring in animals and humans were attributed to Trichinella spiralis. The genus Trichinella is found primarily in carnivorous mammals and causes significant food-borne illness in humans. Outbreaks of Trichinellosis among humans have been registered worldwide.T. spiralis exhibits a wide and global distribution .This species is also the most important etiological agent to cause disease in humans. Trichinellosis affects as many as 11 million people worldwide. The most important source of human infection is the domestic pig. Trichinellosis is not only a public health hazard but also an economic problem in porcine animal production and food safety. Trichinella spiralis is the species most adapted to domestic and wild swine and can also include rats in its life cycle. Drugs administered by trichinellosis patients include anthelmintics and steroids. Anthelmintics are the principal drugs for the treatment of Trichinellosis. They include primarily Albendazole and Mebendazole. However, studies in which mice were experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis have shown that these drugs are apparently unable to kill encapsulating larvae especially larvae in an advanced stage of development. As these treatments have not proven their ability to fight and eliminate Trichinella spiralis effectively, a strong effort is currently being directed toward the development of an effective treatment against Trichinellosis. So it was necessary to find new trends that can be used in treatment for Trichinellosis like costus root extract. The plant Saussurea Lappa is commonly known as costus. It can reach up to two meter in length and creeps on the ground. This plant is found extensively in sub Himalayan regions along the sides of rivers. The Plant bears big serrated leaves and its roots are being used for medicinal purposes, this roots have antispasmodic, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antibacterial properties, this advocates S. Lappa to be utilized in further human-related healthcare and remedies. This study aimed to assess the effect of costus roots extract (CRE) on T.spiralis experimentally infected male rats. Assessment was done by Parasitological, biochemical analysis, Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. The rats were divided into six equal groups: Group1 (Control): healthy not infected control, Group2 (Treated): Costus group in which animal received CRE (300 mg/Kg body weight/ day) orally via a stomach tube for one week., Group3 (+ve control): Control Infected group (+ve), in which rats were challenged with 1000 larvae of trichinella spiralis., Group4 (Pretreated): Pre-treated group in which rats treated with CRE (300 mg/Kg body weight/ day) for two weeks then challenged with 1000 larvae of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML)., Group5 (Post 1 week): Post treated group in which rats were challenged with 1000 larvae of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) then treated with CRE (300 mg/Kg body weight/ day) for 1-week post infection., Group6 (Post 2 weeks): Post treated group in which rats were challenged with 1000 larvae of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) then treated with CRE (300 mg/Kg body weight/ day) for another 2 weeks post infection. The T. spiralis strain was acquired as a muscle larvae rat (donor) from the Parasitology Department of the Biological Unit of Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt. Male albino rats of 175 ± 15g body weight were infected orally with 0.25 ml. containing 1000 living larvae. When experimental period finish; fasting overnight and anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture from anesthetized rat in glass tubes for coagulation and serum formation, blood was allowed to sit for 30 min at 4oC to clot and then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm at room temperature; serum was separated and kept in clean stopper vial at -20ºC until assay. After the anesthetized, the skeletal muscles, tongue and diaphragm were removed and cleaned by using cold saline and then separate the connective tissues and the adhering fat. Weigh 1 gm of the skeletal muscles were used for comet assay for the assessment of DNA damage and the rest part was immersed immediately in 10% neutral buffered formalin for the estimation of histopathological immunohistochemical examinations. The obtained results can be summarized as follow: 1-Parasitological examination showed the high significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the mean larval count was detected in all treated groups with CRE as compared to control infected group. The best reduction of larval count was found in pre-treated group, followed by CRE post-treated with costs for 2 weeks post infection group and the least reduction was detected in CRE post-treated with costs for 1week post infection group. 2- Skeletal muscles of inoculated rats with trichinella spiralis larvae showed a significant elevation in DNA damage (P < 0.01) that was indicated by an increase in tails (length, DNA% and moment) as compared to the control. Whereas, the presence of CRE in pretreated, Post 1 week and Post 2 weeks significantly reduced this elevated DNA damage, with best results in pre-treated group). On the other hand, no significant difference in DNA damage (tail length) was observed in control and CRE groups. 3- Serum AST, ALT and ALP levels were significantly (p<0.05) increased while total protein and albumin were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in trichinella spiralis group as compared with control rats. However, the treated with CRE in Pretreated, Post 1 week and Post 2 weeks groups revealed ameliorate in liver enzymes activity compared to the trichinella spiralis group. The ameliorative effect of CRE was more pronounced in pretreated group. 4- The histopathological examinations of control and CRE groups of rat’s skeletal muscles revealed a normal histological section. Muscle sections in inoculated rats with trichinella spiralis larvae exhibited muscle fibers with massive numbers of T. spiralis encysted larvae; encysted larvae were separated from thin cyst wall by spaces and muscle tissue has mild inflammatory cells. While the pretreated group with CRE exhibited marked reduction in the number of encysted larvae, moderate inflammation and thick complete collagen capsule with mild fibrosis. In treated infected rats with CRE for one week, Muscle sections exhibited moderate inflammatory infiltrates with mild fibrosis of muscles. While marked inflammatory infiltrates and destruction of the collagen capsules of the encysted larvae, and inflammatory cell invasion, marked degeneration of larvae up to complete disappearance of them without any fibrosis of the muscles were exhibited in muscles in treated infected rats with CRE for two weeks. 5- P53 expressions in the muscle section showed fine positive reactions in the control and CRE groups. Strong positive reaction for P53 in muscle fibers of infected rats with T. spiralis in encysted larvae and intact muscles in the T. spiralis group when compared with the normal control group. On the other hand, Mild positive reactions for P53 were detected in muscle fibers of pre-treated or post treated infected rats with CRE for one week. Fine positive reactions for P53 were observed in muscle fibers in post treated infected rats with CRE for two weeks. 6- Bcl-2 expressions in the muscle section showed negative or strong reactivity in the control and CRE groups. Mild positive reaction for Bcl2 in muscle fibers of infected rats with T. spiralis in encysted larvae and intact muscles in the T. spiralis group when compared with the normal control group. On the other hand, moderate positive reactions for Bcl2 were detected in muscle fibers of pre-treated infected rats with CRE for one week and fine positive reactions for Bcl2 were observed in muscle fibers in post treated infected rats with CRE for one and two weeks. 6.2. Conclusion: CRE has an ameliorative role against trichinella spiralis larvae lead to reduction of larval population in skeletal muscles, diaphragm, and tongue in male rats. CRE reduced the DNA damage, serum liver activities, hepatic tissue injury, Bcl-2 and P53 expression when compared to the trichinella spiralis group. Hence, these findings suggest that CRE can be a reliable and novel therapy for trichinellosis.