الفهرس 
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Abstract
The textile industry generates non-biodegradable synthetic textile wastes, including polyamides, leading to pollution and resource depletion. Recycling these wastes to produce advanced products not only adds value to them but also promotes sustainable waste management practices. from this perspective, this study investigated three important aspects of the sustainable recycling of polyamide waste to produce advanced textiles. Firstly, recycling polyamide 6 waste to produce nonwoven fabrics based on nanofibers (PA-NWNF) by electrospinning. The unique properties of these fabrics are evaluated and explored as a function of difference in electrospinning parameters. The second aspect of this study is focused on improving the efficiency of disperse dyes by increasing their surface area.
To achieve an eco-sustainable milling approach, intermittent milling was introduced for the first time to mill Disperse Red 167 (DR 167) dye without the use of auxiliaries or additional chemicals. Finally, the study conducted dyeing of fabricated PA-NWNFs using different particle sizes of prepared DR 167, without the use of auxiliary agents to prevent further environmental pollution. Various techniques, including SEM, FTIR, XRD, BET, and DMA, were used to characterize PA-NWNF during electrospinning. Results showed that a concentration of 21% and a voltage of 20 kV produced nanofibers with a defined morphology. XRD and FTIR analysis indicated a decrease in the α-phase and an increase in the γ-phase as the concentration increased. Low voltage resulted in the crystallization of the β-form. An investigation was conducted to analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of DR 167 dye before and after milling (for 2 and 10 h).
FTIR revealed significant variations in peak intensities and slight shifts, indicating a crystal form change. NMR analysis, however, indicated no changes in the dye’s chemical structure. XRD data showed the β-crystal phase collapsed after 2 h of milling and recrystallized to the α-crystal phase after 10 h. The thermal studies showed the melting points of the β and α-crystal forms to be approximately the same. The morphology of dyed DR 167-C showed homogeneity and smooth nanofibers. In addition, DR 167-C dye (the smallest particle size) provided numerous advantages, including high particle dispersion, low dyeing temperature, minimum processing time, and greater color yield. Also, DR 167-C achieved better colorfastness to washing (very good, 4) compared to other studied dyes. Overall, this study suggests that by manipulating the electrospinning variables, it is possible to produce advanced textiles with different properties that can meet a wide range of applications. Additionally, intermittent milling is an eco-sustainable approach for milling disperse dyes without the use of auxiliaries or additional chemicals, and it improves their dyeing properties.
Keywords: polyamide waste; Sustainable textiles; Innovative textile Recycling; Electrospinning; Nano-nonwoven fabric; Eco-sustainable milling; Intermittent Milling; Disperse dye; nanofiber dyeing