الفهرس 
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
New, simple, and sensitive spectrofluorimetric methods for determination of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (TNHS I), procalcitonin (PCT), human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) in serum samples were developed and applied as follows:
a) A novel, easy and selective spectrofluorimetric technique has been successfully applied for sensitive determination of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (TNHS I) in the serum samples of patients suffering malignant tumors through the usage of optical sensor Eu3+-BINAM complex. The technique is primarily based on quenching of the Eu3+-BINAM complex’s luminescence intensity upon introducing various concentrations of TNHS I. The sensor was also adapted to offer excitation at at λex= 394 nm in acetonitrile at pH 7.5. Concentration of TNHS I in serum samples was found to be proportional to the luminescence intensity quenching of the Eu3+-BINAM complex, most prominently at λem = 618 nm. The limit of the dynamic range for determination of TNHS I is 4.26 x10-4 to 2.0 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were calculated to be 1.35 and 4.10 ng/mL, respectively. The suggested analytical approach proved its applicability, simplicity and comparatively interference-free. The technique was effectively recruited to quantify TNHS I in human serum samples and could be further extended to evaluate some biomarkers associated with malignancy related diseases in human.
b) A simple, selective and sensitive spectroflourimetric method has been reported in this work for the assessment of procalcitonin (PCT) as a biomarker in serum samples of cancer patients by using optical sensor Tb3+-hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) complex. The method based on the quenching of the luminescence intensity of Tb3+-HCTZ complex by addition of different concentrations of PCT. The luminescent photo probe was synthesized and characterized through absorption and emission. The sensor was also showed excitation at λex= 320 nm at pH 7 in DMSO. The quenching of luminescence intensity Tb3+-HCTZ complex especially, the characteristic band at λem = 545 nm is typically used for determining the PCT in different serum samples. The dynamic range is (3.373-100.62 ng/mL), and the limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation limit of detection (LOQ) are (0.038 and 0.114) ng/mL, respectively. This method was practical, simple and relatively free from interference effect. It was successfully applied to measure PCT in samples of human serum and from this method we can assess some biomarkers of lung cancer related diseases in human body.
c) A low-cost, accurate, and highly selective method was used for the assessment of the human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) in the serum of breast and prostate cancer patients. This method is based on enhancing the intensity of luminescence displayed by the optical sensor N/S doped carbon quantum dot (CQD) upon adding different concentrations of β-hCG. The luminescent optical sensor was synthesized and characterized by IR, XRD, TEM, UV-VIS, and fluorescence measurements. The sensor was also offered excitation at λex=288 nm at pH 7.8 in DMSO. The enhancing of luminescence intensity of N/S doped (CQD) especially, the characteristic band at λem= 345 nm is typically used for determining the ß-hCG in different serum samples. The dynamic range for determination of β-hCG is (1.35 - 22.95 mIU/mL), and the limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation limit of detection (LOQ) are (6.7x10-10 and 2.03x10-9) mIU/mL, respectively. This method was practical, simple and relatively free from interference effect. It was successfully applied to measure β-hCG in samples of human serum and from this method we can assess some biomarkers of breast and prostate cancer related diseases in human body.
d) A novel thin film nano Tb-Schiff base complex doped in sol-gel matrix optical sensor was designed and investigated as a new simple, sensitive and precise nano-optical sensor for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. The nano optical sensor thin film was characterized by IR, XRD, TEM, UV-VIS, and fluorescence measurements. The performance of the designed sensor is determined through monitoring the quenching of the fluorescence intensity at 545 nm by cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) after excitation at 340 nm, pH 7.2 in DMSO. The remarkable quenching of the fluorescence intensity at 545 nm of nano optical sensor Tb-Schiff base complex doped in sol-gel matrix by various concentrations of the CA-125 was successfully used as an optical sensor for the assessment of CA-125 in different serum samples of patients with ovarian cancer. The dynamic range for determination of CA-125 concentration is 2.0 – 127 U m/L with detection limit of 1.45 U mL-1. This method increases the sensitivity (97.35 %) and specificity (94.29 %) of CA-125 as a biomarker for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. It was successfully applied to measure CA-125 in samples of human serum.