الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
C
oronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major public health crisis threatening humanity at this point in time. The virus possibly originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. Modes of transmission of disease are direct inhalation of infected droplets (produced during coughing or sneezing by infected person) and direct contact with surfaces and fomites soiled by infected respiratory secretions (Sankar et al., 2020).
Children of all ages can get the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and experience its complications. For management of covid 19 in the child, mother or caregiver should keep the child at home and away from others, except to get medical care, follow recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regarding quarantine and isolation measures, as needed, focus on symptoms relief which include rest, plenty of fluids and use of pain relievers and Call the doctor if the child keeps getting sicker (O’Horo et al., 2021).
Mothers and caregivers should have knowledge and skills to prevent covid infection among their children. Important measures which mothers should follow to prevent covid 19 infection among their children include the necessity of wearing the mask when the child is outside, training the child to follow good hygiene practices which include washing hands thoroughly, using hand sanitizer,pay attention to personal hygiene, avoid taking the child to any sort of social gathering and crowded places, maintaining good ventilation of home, Cleaning the floor and commonly touched objects, don’t allow the child to come in close contact with anyone and providing the child with nutritious diet with plenty of water (Sinha et al., 2020).
The aim of this study was to assess mothers’ preventive measures of covid 19 among their primary school children. Subjects and methods of this study were portrayed under the following four designs as follows:
V. Technical design
VI. Administrative design
VII. Operational design
VIII. Statistical design
IV. Technical Design:
The technical design included research design, setting, subject and tools for data collection.
Research design:
A descriptive analytical research design was used to conduct this study.
Setting:
The study was conducted at Al-Munira Comprehensive Clinic affiliated to General Authority for Health Insurance, Cairo Branch. This clinic serves many districts at Cairo and has high attendance rate of mothers accompanied with their primary school children.
Sampling:
A purposive sample comprised from 379 of primary school children and their mothers attending health insurance clinic were chosen according to an including criteria. Previous attendance rate in the previous year (2020) was 27000 cases.
Criteria of Sample selection:
Primary school children aged from 6-11years old, accompanied with mothers to health insurance clinic for any health conditions.
Tools of data collection
First tool: An interviewing questionnaire
This tool was designed by the investigator and translated into Arabic language based on literature review. It includes the following parts:
Part I: A Socio demographic characteristic of mothers as age, marital status, educational level, job, family income, crowding index, and residence.
Part II: Health history of primary school children. Health history of primary school children. It includes (child suffers from any chronic disease, child takes any prescription medicines, child takes any medications without consulting a doctor, child has any allergic reaction, child suffered from a disease before, child suffers from any present health problems and child received immunizations in the past). It includes 7 closed ended questions from Q8 to Q14.
Part III: Mothers’ knowledge about covid 19 among primary school children. It includes (meaning, causes, signs and symptoms, modes of transmission, incubation period, high risk people, complications, preventive measures, and source of information). It includes 8 closed ended questions from Q15to Q23.
Part IV: Mothers’ attitude toward covid 19 among primary school children. It includes 17 closed ended questions from Q24 to Q40.
Part IV: Mothers’ reported practices of preventive measures toward covid 19. It includes items regarding public gatherings, crowded places, hugs and handshakes, social distancing, washing hands, face mask, healthy habits, environmental sanitation, good ventilation, healthy food, good nutrition, personal hygiene, sharing personal belongings and staying at home when feeling unwell. It includes 18 closed ended questions from Q41to Q58.
Second tool: Physical assessment sheet to assess primary school child health condition, including measuring of weight, height, vital signs and physical health status. It includes 19 closed ended questions from Q1 to Q19.
The current study revealed the following results:
Regarding the socio-demographic characteristics of the studied mothers. It reveals that, 46.6% of the studied mothers were in the age group 30-<40 years with mean age 33.41±8.67, regarding marital status 76% of the studied mothers were married, regarding education 31.9% were secondary education, regarding job 66.4% were housewife, as for the income <2000 LE was 45.1%, while the crowding index was 53.8% were fair. In addition, 92.1% their residence was urban.
Regarding total knowledge score of studied mothers about covid 19, 57.8% of them had satisfactory knowledge, while 42.2% of them had unsatisfactory knowledge.
Regarding total attitude score of studied mothers toward COVID-19, 79.4% of them had positive attitude, while 20.6% of them had negative attitude.
Regarding total score of practice of studied mothers toward preventive measures of COVID-19, 71.8% of them had good practice toward follow preventive measures; meanwhile 28.2% of them had poor practice toward follow preventive measures.
Regarding total physical health assessment of studied children, 79.4% of them had good health condition; meanwhile 20.6% of them had bad health condition.
Regarding relation between mothers’ knowledge about COVID-19 and their socio-demographic characteristics, there were highly statistically significant relation between total level of knowledge according to their age (year), marital status, educational level, job, income (Monthly), crowding index and residence at (p-value <0.001).
Regarding relation between Mothers’ reported practices toward preventive measures of COVID-19 and their socio-demographic characteristics, there was highly statistically significant relation between total level of practice according to their marital status and residence at (p-value <0.001). Also, there was statistically significant relation between level of practice and their age “years” at (P<0.05). While there was no significant relation between level of practice and their educational level, job, income, and crowding index at (P>0.05).
Regarding relation between mothers’ attitude toward COVID-19 and their socio-demographic characteristics, there was highly statistically significant relation between total level of attitude according to their marital status and crowding index at (p-value <0.001). Also, there was statistically significant relation between level of attitude and their educational level, income, and residence at (P<0.05). While there was no significant relation between level of attitude and their age and job at (P>0.05).
Regarding relation between mothers’ reported practices toward preventive measures of COVID-19 and their children’s health condition, there were statistically significant relation between level of practice and their level of health condition at (p-value <0.001), there was 93.4% of good practice of preventive measures in relation with good health condition, while 56.1% of poor practice of preventive measures in relation with bad health condition.
Based on the results of the present study and research questions, the study concluded that:
The current study sample showed that, less than half of the studied mothers were in the age group 30-<40 years with mean age 33.41±8.67, slightly more than half of them had satisfactory knowledge about covid-19, the majority of them had positive attitude toward covid-19 and less than three quarters of them had good practice toward follow preventive measures of covid-19. There was highly significant correlation between total score of knowledge and total score of practices regarding covid-19. There was highly statistically significant correlation between total score of attitude and total score of practices regarding covid19. There was highly statistically significant correlation between total score of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19. There was statistically significant relation between level of mothers’ practice of preventive measures and level of children’s health condition.
Based on the findings of this study, following recommendations are suggested:
Development and implementation of health education programs for mothers to improve their knowledge, promote positive attitude, and better practices for prevention of covid-19 among their primary school children.
Increase mothers’ awareness about infectious diseases and methods of improving health of their children through educational sessions, brochures, and booklets.
Activating the role of the health care provider in health care centers to increase public awareness toward covid-19 disease and its preventive measures.
Future research conducting about:
Comparative study to assess mothers’ preventive measures of covid-19 among their children in urban and rural areas.
More researches needed for assessment of mothers’ knowledge and practices toward infected children with covid-19.