الفهرس 
Chapter I IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The purpose of the present work is to detect pollution in environmental samples via different traditional and advanced techniques and diagnose the plasma of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Five sites (Three in Qalioubya and two in Giza governorates) were selected according to the type of irrigation water. Heavy metals (Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr) availability was investigated in soil, water and vegetable samples using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) techniques. The irrigation water in the all sites (Kafr Al Arab, Sindenhour and Meet Asem villages), in addition to two sites in Giza Governorate, the Mensha’at Al-Qanater Center (Mansourieh and Nikla villages) are polluted with Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr. The soils of Anethum graveolens, Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa and Trifollium alexandrinum in Kafr Al-Arab are contaminated with Zn, Pb and Cd and that of Sindenhour, Meet Asem, Mansourieh and Nikla is contaminated with Cu, Pb and Cd. The pollution index of Cu, Ni and Cd in soils of the four plants by the two techniques AAS and ICP is greater than one in all sites. The four plants irrigated with different resources of water in all sites are polluted with Fe, Ni and Pb, in addition, they have a high potential to accumulate Zn, Mn, Ni and Cu in all sites where their BF is more than one. The daily consumption of dill plants for adults and children in Meet Asem results the highest intake of Fe, Mn, Ni and Cr; for lettuce, the highest intake of Fe, Zn and Mn; for onion, the highest intake of Pb. The consumption of dill in Mansourieh results the highest intake of Zn and Pb; for lettuce, the highest intake of Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni; for onion, the highest intake of Fe, Zn and Cu. The consumption of dill in Sindenhour results the highest intake of Cu; for lettuce, the highest intake of Cr. The consumption of dill in Nikla results the highest intake of Cd; for onion, the highest intake of Ni and Cd. The consumption of onion in Kafr Al- Arab results the highest intake of Mn and Cr. The highest estimated daily intake (EDI) of Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb in Nikla but for Zn in Mansourieh,
while Mn, Ni and Cr in Meet Asem for adults due to meat consumption of cattle meat feeding on clover irrigated with different water resources in Banha and Mensha’at Al-Qanater. The HRI of Fe and Ni was greater than one in all sites as a result of the consumption of A. graveolens, L. sativa and A. cepa irrigated with different resources of water for adults and children. The HRI of Fe, Cu and Ni in all sites and Mn in Meet Asem is more than one as a result of the consumption of meat in Banha and Mensha’at al Qanater region. Significant variation was detected between values measured by AAS and ICP for Mg, K, Zn and Cu in the irrigation water in some sites. Also, there is a significant variation between values for Mg, Cu and Pb in the soils of dill, lettuce and clover plants in some sites, while that of onion soils the significant variation was detected between values for Mg, Pb and Cr in some sites. Significant variation was detected between values measured for Mg, K and Cr in the roots and shoots of the study plants in some sites. The analysis of Boltzmann plot of LIBS of environmental samples gives us plasma characteristic parameters such as: the electron temperature and the electron density in the soil, roots and shoots of clover and lettuce plants. In conclusion, the observed results represent essential values to be taken in evaluating the studied area as an indication for environmental application and pollution treatment in the future. from the results, it can be recommended that a powerful wastewater treatment facility should be constructed to continuously treat the massive amounts of drainage water into Mansourieh village. The elements in which there are always significant variations between the readings of the two techniques, it must be determined which is more accurate in the measurement.