الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a crucial health challenge, and the available therapeutic agents are still not effective. Carnosine, a cytoplasmic dipeptide, is a potent anti-glycation, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and chelating agent. However, whether carnosine would be assumed as a potential hypoglycemic agent or not, no decisive report with detailed mechanisms is found yet. In addition, carnosine in a nano-formulation has not yet been examined for metabolic syndrome treatment. We proposed the carnosine-loaded niosomes as a potential solution to bypass its unwanted fast degradation by carnosinase which is considered as a major obstacle with the clinical application of carnosine as an oral drug therapy and to achieve high therapeutic outcomes at lower dose than that previously reported with free carnosine. Toward this, the aim of our study is to evaluate the efficacy of free carnosine comparing to carnosine-loaded niosomes oral administration on the management of MetS in a rat model provoked by high fructose diet. Also, the underlying mechanism of carnosine in the metabolic syndrome management remains mysterious. So, at the same time, there is a clear need to investigate the possible mechanism of carnosine action.