الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Neonicotinoids are a class of chemicals used as insecticides for their neurotoxic action on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) (Cimino et al., 2017). Neonicotinoid pesticides have become the most widely used insecticides in the world (Klarich et al., 2017). Seven separate neonicotinoid compounds are available commercially worldwide. These are imidacloprid, thiacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam (Simon-Delso et al., 2015).
Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a second generation neonicotinoid insecticide, developed both for foliar/soil applications and as a seed treatment for use in most agricultural crops all over the world (Khaldoun et al., 2017). TMX is a neonicotinoid pesticide that helps protect against sucking and chewing insects such as aphids, whiteflies, trips, some micro lepidoptera and a number of coleopteran species. This pesticide is used on a variety of crops, including tuberous vegetables especially tomato, corn, cereals, sugar beet, oil seed rape, pome, stone fruit, citrus, rice, brinjal, cotton, mango, maize, wheat, barley, sorghum, potato and soybeans (Hladik et al., 2014).