الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Monitoring is a continuous observation for defined purposes of one or more biological or chemical elements according to a prearranged program during time and space, by using comparable and standardized methods (according to the explanation of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)) (Sarkar et al., 2018). This is the final step in the risk management process, which is more related by respect to biomarkers, can provide a number of purposes, the control function to approve the effectiveness of risk reduction or to confirm that previously formulated standards are being encountered, the sign or alarm function to monitor sudden adverse effects in the environment, the trend function to permit the prediction of future developments and the instrument function for the description and clarification of underlying processes (Laranjeiro et al., 2015b). It is critical that environmental monitoring programs could only be undertaken if the objectives clearly state what the data are going to be intended for (Peakall and Walker, 1994; Feiler et al., 2013; Laranjeiro et al., 2015b).