الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 99 |  |  |
| | | from | 99 | | |
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the outgrowing metabolic diseases nowadays. It is either Pregestational or gestational diabetes among pregnant females. Diabetes mellitus not only affects the structure of the fetal heart but also affects the function. Dysfunction is either systolic or diastolic or global.
Fetal echocardiography is noninvasive method that can detect both structural and functional abnormalities. Fetal echocardiography uses different methods in functional evaluation of the fetal heart, it utilizes 2D imaging, M mode, and Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging techniques.
Systolic function of the left ventricle is assessed by EF and MAPSE using M mode and mitral valve s’ wave using tissue Doppler while diastolic function is assessed by mitral valve E wave , A wave and E/A ratio using Doppler and mitral valve e’ wave and a’ wave using tissue Doppler technique. For the right ventricle the systolic function is assessed by TAPSE using M mode and tricuspid valve s’ wave using tissue Doppler while diastolic function is assessed by tricuspid valve E wave , A wave and E/A ratio using Doppler and tricuspid valve e’ wave and a’ wave using tissue Doppler technique. The global function of the heart is assessed by the MPI.