الفهرس 
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Abstract
Thyroid diseases are one of the most common endocrine disorders in the world , Millions of people suffer from this disease without knowing it.
People with this condition will have symptoms associated with slow metabolism. Estimates of subclinical hypothyroidism range between 3 to 8 %, increasing with age, whereas it more likely affects women than men. About 10% of women may have some degree of thyroid hormone deficiency.
Hypothyroidism may affect lipid metabolism, neurological diseases or other clinical conditions. Hypothyroidism affects up to 5% of the general population, with a further estimated 5% being undiagnosed .
Over 99% of affected patients environmental iodine deficiency is the most common cause of all thyroid disorders including hypothyroidism, but in areas of iodine sufficiency, Hashimoto’s disease (chronic autoimmune thyroiditis) is the most common cause of thyroid failure.
The leaves of walnut are considered as a natural medicinal herb that has no side effects, whether in the long or short term, such as chemical drugs used in the treatment of imbalances or in hypothyroidism.
Walnut leaves are a good source of selenium - one ounce of dried walnut leaves contains 5 micrograms of selenium (15 micrograms / 100 grams), about 7 percent of the recommended daily value for this mineral. However, it has been found that people with hypothyroidism have low levels of selenium and it may be a causal factor for this condition, especially when iodine levels are low in tandem. Some scientists have indicated that adequate levels of selenium also reduce the risk of a swollen thyroid gland or an enlarged thyroid gland.
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of herb (Juglans regia L (Walnut leaves), Selenium and iodine, either alone or in the form of mixtures of them on the improvement of hypothyroidism versus the drug effect of thyroxine 0
Use of walnut leaves to overcome the imbalance that may occur to the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism).
Reducing the amount of drug doses used to treat hypothyroidism through nutritional intervention using walnut leaves, either alone or in combination with both iodine or selenium.
Hypothyroidism improved by dietary intervention using walnut leaves, either alone or in combination with iodine or selenium. Reducing the side effects of synthetic drugs with natural active substances that are safe for human health. Walnut leaves (Juglans regia L.) were obtained dried from the local market in Cairo - Egypt.
The current study was conducted between the Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science, Departments of Histology, Pathology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine South Valley University.
The research sample rats (54 male albino Sprague Dawley rats). weighing between (±110: ±150) grams, were placed in 9 groups in iron cages at the animal house, Faculty of Science - South Valley University, each group consisting of 6 Mice were randomly. assigned to, at a temperature of (22) ° C, and with natural lighting for 12 hours .
Was given only a basal meal for two weeks to complete the adaptation process.
The basal diet consisted of 14% casein protein (80%), 5% soybean oil, 0.25% choline chloride, 1% vitamin mixture, 3.5% salt mixture, 5% cellulose, 0.18% L-cysteine and the rest (71.07%). ) is corn starch.
The salt was mixture .
The vitamin was mixture and prepared .
Each cage containing 6 rats per day was given from the basal meal .
Rats (the research sample) were weighed as soon as they arrived at animal`s house .
The metal cages for rats groups were equipped and appropriate sawdust was placed in each cage.
And provide each cage with pure drinking water through the bottles in each cage so that each rat can drink the water through the shaker.
At the end of two weeks, adaptation:
Numbered the healthy iron cages, and wrote what indicated the groups inside them.
group (1), which contains (6) rats - close in weight - they were fed only the pasial meal, and it was written (negative control) .
The rest of the remaining eight cages divided for (6) rats in each cage - close in weight - with a total of (48) rats. The first dose of “propylthiouracil” at a rate of (10 mg/kg) of the rat’s weight. in the form of a single dose on a daily basis for two weeks. To cause hypothyroidism.
An Initial:-
Fifty four rats were divided in to nine groups, six rats each group:
group (1) :- (negative control) fed on basal diet.
The second major groups, consisting of 48 rats, were injected Oral with Propylthiouracil at a dose of 10 mg / kg one time a day for two weeks to cause Insufficient thyroid hormone.
A blood sample is then taken to measure the level of T3,T4,TSH to confirm the disease.
Then divided into eight subgroups such as each group consists of (6rats).
group (2) :- fed on basal diet (positive control group)/ 2 weeks.
group (3):- fed on basal diet + 10 μg thyroxin. On the first week( one dose / day) oral. fed on basal diet + 20 μg thyroxin. On the second week, last dose ( one dose / day) oral.
group (4):- fed on basal diet +10 μg selenium. On the first week( one dose / day) oral. fed on basal diet +15 μg selenium On the second week, last dose ( one dose / day) oral.
group (5):- fed on basal diet +10 μg iodine. On the first week( one dose / day) oral. fed on basal diet +15 μg iodine On the second week, last dose ( one dose / day) oral.
Group(6):- fed on basal diet + 10 mg walnut leaves. On the first week( one dose / day) oral. fed on basal diet + 20 mg walnut leaves On the second week, last dose ( one dose / day) oral.
Group(7):- fed on basal diet + 5 mg walnut leaves + 5 μg thyroxin. On the first week( one dose / day) oral. fed on basal diet + 10 mg walnut leaves + 10 μg thyroxin. On the second week, last dose ( one dose / day) oral.
Group(8):- fed on basal diet + 5 mg walnut leaves + 5 μg selenium. On the first week( one dose / day) oral. fed on basal diet + 10 mg walnut leaves + 7.5 μg selenium. On the second week, last dose ( one dose / day) oral.
Group(9):- fed on c basal diet + 5 mg walnut leaves + 5 μg iodine. On the first week( one dose / day) oral. fed on c basal diet + 10 mg walnut leaves + 7.5 μg iodine. On the second week, last dose ( one dose / day) oral.
Final:-
At the end of the trial period:
(1): The rats were fasted all night to prepare them for slaughter the next morning.
(2): Took two rats from each group randomly according to the nine groups .
(3): Slaughtered rats to estimate the weights of some internal organs, which are :
(thyroid, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung) .
The data of the chemical composition (%) of the dry matter content of walnut leaves was 0.30 ± 16.62 protein, while fat was 0.08 ± 5.63, carbohydrates and ash were 0.01 ± 20.94 and 0.02 ± 12.89, respectively, and moisture 0.71 ± 29 Finally, the percentage of fibers was 0.04 ± 14.92 of the total dry matter. These results are close to the results of (O.O. P. Faboya, et al., 2013).
The results showed that the positive control group was significantly higher in feed intake, initial weight, final weight and body weight gain than the all experiment groups.
Data of the same table showed that the feed intake and initial weight of group5 (10 μg iodine) was significantly higher(190g±1.470 and 147.67g±9.460) than that of group 7 (5 mg walnut leaves+5 mg thyroxin)(168g±2.144 and 135g± 17.621). On the other hand, final weight and body weight gain in the group 8 (5 mg walnut leaves+5 μg selenium) was significantly lower (154.5g±4.555 and 54.5g±11.431) than that of group 3 (10 mg thyroxin) (162.17g±4.491 and62.17g±15.321). Demonstrated a marked increase in body weight of animals with PUT treatment. We observed continuing gain in weight with duration of time. Weight gain after treatment with PUTreflects predominantly an increase in muscles and bone mass .
Once hypothyroidism is achieved, the metabolic rate reduces in association with decrease in serum thyroid hormone concentrations.
The data of relatively organs weight were feed on walnut leaves; iodine and selenium were significantly higher in positive control of relative weights of thyroid and significantly lower in relative weights of liver, kidney heart, lung, spleen than the all experiment groups.
While the relative weight of liver and spleen in groups (9) were significantly higher than those of positive control group (13.3g and 9.65g, 2.05g and1.45g). The relative weight of heart and lung in group (3) was significantly higher than that of positive control group (1.55g and 1.11g,4.35g and 2.68g).While, relative weights of kidney was significantly higher in groups (5, 6) and significantly lower in groups (4, 8) than that of positive control group(1.75g and 1.2g than1.14g).A relative weight of thyroid was significantly higher in group (4) (17g, 30.5g) and was significantly lower in group(9)(14g, 30.5g) than that of positive control group. Thyroid weight increase in the control group might have resulted from formation of hypothyroidism.
Besides, the reason for heavy thyroid organ could result from the deterioration of T3 hormone level and consequently more requirement for thyroid and I in the control group than the experimental group, since the control group was kept in cold conditioning. (P<0.01).
Highest relative heart weight was obtained with T3 hormone supplementation in comparison with other supplements. This may be due to antioxidant properties of (Se and I) dietary supplementations in rats under. According to our opinion, dietary antioxidant supplementations may decrease negative effects resulting on heart . The decreased relative weights of thyroid glands of experimental groups may result from antioxidant property of dietary supplements. The data suggests that the positive effect of antioxidants on thyroid gland could be due to direct involvement of antioxidants on thyroid gland. The data of organ weight / body weight (%) of rats suffering from hypothyroidism Rats were fed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly higher in positive control of organ weight / body weight % of thyroid and significantly lower in organ weight / body weight %of liver, kidney, heart lung, spleen than the all experiment groups.
While the organ weight / body weight % of liver, heart and lung in groups (6) were significantly lower than those of positive control group also organ weight / body weight % of kidney and spleen in group (4) was significantly lower than that of positive control. While, organ weight / body weight %of liver, heart and spleen was significantly higher in groups (9) and also significantly higher in groups (3) of organ weight / body weight % kidney and lung than that of positive control group.
A relative weight of thyroid was significantly higher in group (4) and was significantly lower in group (9) than that of positive control group. The slope and intercept terms were significantly different than zero when modeled against bodyweight.
Therefore, relationships exist between the liver weight and both body weight. The relation-ship to body weight is proportional and the relationship.
The data plasma total lipids both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were present feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (7) in the initial experiment and the group (9)in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, a plasma total lipid was significantly higher in the group (5) in the initial experiment and the group (4)in the finial experiment than those of positive control group.
Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of eyes rats. Variations in the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipids, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL-cholesterol), low density lipoproteins (LDL-cholesterol) and high density lipoproteins (HDL-cholesterol) and their correlation with the concentrations of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) were investigated. The concentrations of triglyceride, VLDL-cholesterol, T4 and T3 groups were significantly different (P<0.05).
Were significant decreases in the triglyceride, VLDL-cholesterol, T4 and T3 concentrations. There were no significant correlations between thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and serum cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipids and lipoproteins (HDL, LDL and VLDL).
The total cholesterol both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (7) in the initial experiment and the group (9) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, total cholesterol was significantly higher in the group (5) in the initial experiment and the group (4)in the finial experiment than those of positive control group.
T3 and T4 treatments caused a marked reduction in total cholesterol. Feeding control rats with a PUT led to a marked increase in cholesterol from 160 to 1336 mg/dl.
Treatment with T3 (0.75 mg/kg) had a dramatic effect on circulating cholesterol, which was reduced approximately 70% to 406 mg/dl.
The triglycerides both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (7) in the initial experiment and the group (9) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the triglycerides were significantly higher in the group (5) in the initial experiment and the group (4) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group . That triglyceride levels, in contrast, were similar in control and T3-treated animals. Circulating glucose was substantially reduced from 160 to 77mg/dl.
The High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (4) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was significantly higher in the group (9) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group.
Lipoproteins are shown in all rats the reductions in cholesterol were due to decreases in VLDL and IDL/LDL cholesterol. In Ldlr−/− rat HDL cholesterol levels were reduced only by T3. In C57BL/6 both high-dose T4 and T3 reduced HDL cholesterol. Triglyceride levels were relatively unaffected by T3 and T4 despite the marked reduction in VLDL/LDL cholesterol. This suggested that the residual lipoproteins were relatively enriched with triglyceride and depleted of cholesterol.
Results revealed the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (9) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) was significantly higher in the group (4) in the initial experiment and the group (4) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group.
Use of thyroid hormone for the treatment of hyperlipidemia is limited by thyrotoxic side-effects that occur when T4 or T3 is administered to lower cholesterol; this was illustrated in the Coronary Drug Project that used d-T4. To avoid this complication, thyroid hormone analogs, thyromimetics, which preferentially interact with hepatic TR-β receptors to lower cholesterol levels, have been developed.
Two recent studies on the lipid-lowering effects of thyromimetics showed an induction of scavenger receptor-B1 (SR-B1) with no changes in LDLR. Up-regulation of SR-B1 would explain the reduction in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) sometimes seen with thyroid hormone administration and could lead to increased reverse cholesterol transport . One study recently reported that the thyromimetic T-0681 does not alter expression of the LDLR in wild-type (WT) mice, an effect that implies a mechanism of action other than via LDLR. Surprisingly, T-0681 treatment failed to reduce cholesterol in LDLR-knockout (Ldlr−/−) rat that LDLR were essential for the cholesterol-decreasing actions of this drug.
Data of the same table showed that the fraction of ( HDL / LDL)-cholesterol both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (4) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, fraction of (HDL / LDL)-cholesterol was significantly higher in the group (9) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group.
There is a highly significant increase (p<0.0001) in the levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG whereas HDL levels was found significantly decreased in hypothyroidism cases compared to hyperthyroidism and control subjects. Hyperthyroidism patients present highly significant decrease in serum level of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL (p˂0.0001) compared to control subjects. There is significantly increase in the activity of HDL in hyperthyroidism patients when compared with control subjects (p˂0.001). I conclude that any increase in the levels of lipid fractions LDL, TC, VLDL and TG with a decrease in HDL levels may be contributory factor to high risk of atherosclerosis induced coronary heart disease observed in hypothyroidism patients.
The data plasma very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c)both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (7) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, plasma very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c)was significantly higher in the group (4) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group.
Lipid profile is a group of blood tests that are often ordered together to determine risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It includes total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglyceride (TG).
Lipids are hydrophobic, means insoluble in water this make them to be cannot transport in the blood by themselves, so it binds to protein and form lipoproteins to transport fats such as cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides around the body. LDL frequently labeled as being bad cholesterol because it transport fat to the artery walls which in turn can lead to atherosclerosis. HDL carries cholesterol and other fats away from the artery walls to the liver, and because a higher level of HDL is associated with a decreased risk of atherosclerosis it is known as the good cholesterol. VLDL transport fats and cholesterol into the bloodstream. When compared to the other types of lipoproteins, VLDL contains the highest amount of triglycerides, and it is considered to be a bad type of cholesterol.
Aspartate Amine Transferase (AST) both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were fed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (6) in the initial experiment and the group (9) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the Aspartate Amine Transferase (AST) was significantly higher in the group (4) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group. To evaluated the effect of thyroid dysfunction on liver function tests and if there is any correlation between them. A total of 68 subjects (40 hyperthyroid and 28 hypothyroid) between the ages of 20 - 60 years old and 40 healthy euthyroid volunteers of the same age groups were studied. Plasma albumin, bilirubin (total and conjugated), thyroxine (T ), triiodothyronine (T), thyroid stimulating T4, T3 hormone (TSH); activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were estimated in the plasma of the participants. Plasma concentration of Total . bilirubin and liver enzyme activities increased significantly in both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid subjects. The positive correlations between thyroid hormones and liver enzymes in hyperthyroid subjects were negative in hypothyroid subjects and vice - visa. It can be concluded that both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism altered liver function tests. It is thus recommended that liver function tests interpretation in thyroid dysfunction should be with caution .
Data of the same table showed that the Alanine Amine Transferase (ALT) both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (6) in the initial experiment and the group (9) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the Alanine Amine Transferase (ALT) was significantly higher in the group (4) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group.An increase in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was reported in 27% and 37% of patients respectively, although the majority of these patients showed no other clinical or biochemical features of liver impairment. The mechanism of injury appears to be relative hypoxia in the perivenular regions, due to an increase in hepatic oxygen demand without an appropriate increase in hepatic blood flow. In mild cases, liver histology shows non‐specific changes, which on light microscopy consist of a mild lobular inflammatory infiltrate consisting of polymorphic neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes, associated with nuclear changes and Kupffer cell hyperplasia. Electron microscopy may reveal hyperplasia of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a paucity of cytoplasmic glycogen and increased number and size of mitochondria, which may contain more cristae. A small proportion of patients have a progressive liver injury, which histologically consists of centrizonal necrosis and perivenular fibrosis, affecting the areas in which hypoxia may be most prevalent. The severity of centrizonal necrosis can be assessed using plasma isocitrate dehydrogenase levels in plasma, offering a convenient method for grading the hepatic injury. The clinical presentation of this type of injury is usually that of a self‐limiting hepatitis; however, there are a few case reports of thyrotoxic patients presenting with fulminant hepatic failure. The precipitation of the clinical presentation is generally attributable to the onset of cardiac failure, often precipitated by arrhythmias.
The data present in Table (9,10) showed that the Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (6) in the initial experiment and the group (9) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was significantly higher in the group (4) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group.
The serum CL both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were fed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (4) in the initial experiment and the group (3) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the serum CL was significantly higher in the group (9) in the initial experiment and the group (8) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group.As far as the serum chloride level in hypothyroid cases was concerned, it was found to be decreased but the difference was not statistically significant as well as no correlation was established with serum TSH in the cases. Results were observed in various other studies.
The possible explanations for low chloride level are impaired gastrointestinal absorption of chloride, sequestration of chloride by liver and other tissues leading to change in its distribution.
On the other hand, chloride also influence the thyroid hormone synthesis by modulating thyroid transcription factors which contain chloride at its cysteine residues as well as its metabolism by increasing thyroxine binding proteins.
The serum Ca both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (5) in the initial experiment and the group (9) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the serum Ca was significantly higher in the group (7) in the initial experiment and the group (3) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group.A statistically significant negative correlation was found between serum TSH and serum calcium (p-value <0.05) in hypothyroid cases. Serum magnesium and serum phosphorus were also having significant positive correlation with serum TSH. On the contrary, no correlation between serum zinc and TSH was observed.
The serum K both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (4) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the serum K was significantly higher in the group (3) in the initial experiment and the group (8) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. Body weight and total body potassium were measured in hyporthyroid rats before and at various stages during treatment rats who were being treated with high-dose L-thyroxine. In the hyporthyroid rats the total body potassium rose by 23 +/- 2.8% (SEM) within a few weeks of restoring the blood thyroid hormone levels to normal. The body potassium values after treatment were close to that expected in these individuals if they were healthy indicating that a considerable loss of body potassium is usual in hyperthyroidism. The gain of total body potassium in hyporthyroidism averaged 71 +/- 8 mmol for each kg of body weight gained (compared with muscle potassium concentration of about 92 mmol/kg). In contrast, weight loss produced by treatments caused very little change of body potassium (maximum averaged was 14 +/- 4 mmol/kg wt. loss). Among rats with hyporthyroidism, the greatest muscular weakness was present in those with the greatest body potassium loss and these rats regained a large amount of potassium relative to weight on recovery. Total body potassium changes were closely related to total plasma tri-iodothyronine concentrations but unrelated to the thyroxine levels.
The data plasma serum Na both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (5) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, serum Na was significantly higher in the group (7) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group with measurement of TSH and electrolytes were available. Serum sodium was significantly lower in rats with high TSH levels (p <0.01). There was a significant correlation between serum TSH and phosphate level (p <0.05). Phosphate levels were higher in patients with elevated TSH than in rats with normal TSH (p <0.01). Serum calcium and magnesium correlated significantly with TSH (p <0.05). fT3 levels correlated significantly with calcium (p <0.05). Hyponatraemia was present in 14% of rats with high TSH and was significantly more common than in the group with normal TSH levels of which 9% had hyponatraemia (p <0.01). Hypokalaemia was more common in the group with elevated TSH than in those with normal TSH (14 versus 11%, p = 0.016). Hyperkalaemia was more common in the group with high TSH levels (7%) than in those with normal TSH (7 vs. 4%, p <0.01).
The serum T4 both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (4) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the serum T4 was significantly higher in the group (8) in the initial and the group (9) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. Iodine salt, are common dietary sources of iodine .In routine clinical practice, patients will often inquire about dietary changes they can make to treat or reverse their thyroid dysfunction. In general, there is reasonable evidence that adequate but not excessive iodine intake is beneficial for thyroid health as well as selenium supplementation for patients with Graves’ disease. Aside from these, the scientific data showing that dietary changes can significantly benefit hypo- or hyperthyroidism is sparse.
Data of the same table showed that the serum T3 both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (3) in the initial and the group (9) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the serum T3 was significantly higher in the group (6) in the initial and the group (4) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. High iodine intake is associated with autoimmune thyroid disease.
A sudden increase in iodine intake in an iodine-deficient population may induce thyroid autoimmunity. People with antithyroid antibodies have a higher risk of developing thyroid dysfunction when the iodine intake is high.
The overall incidence of thyroid carcinoma in populations does not appear to be influenced by iodine intake.
Excessive iodine intake in children in high iodine areas is associated with impaired thyroid function.
The serum TSH both of the result initial and finial the experiment of rats suffering from hypothyroidism were feed on walnut leaves, iodine and selenium were significantly lower in the group (7) in the initial and the group (9) in the finial experiment than those of positive control group. On other hand, the serum TSH was significantly higher in the group (4) in the initial and finial experiment than those of positive control group.
Another micronutrient that affects the thyroid function is selenium. A met analysis looked into the effect of selenium on patient with Graves’ disease. Patients who received selenium supplementation showed a temporary improvement in thyroid function at 6 months follow-up. This improvement though didn’t last by 9 months in comparison to those who were on placebo. Although adjuvant selenium supplementation holds some benefits for patient with gravis disease, it cannot be part of the standard treatment until further supportive evidence.