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Abstract
The corrosion and electrochemical behavior of Pb-0.08%Ca-1.1 Sn alloys containing 0.1% of each of As or Cu or Sb or all of the three elements in 4.0 M H₂SO₄ were studied by various electrochemical methods. The study includes also the effect of Cu%, the addition of 0.4 M H₃PO₄ or 0.4 M H₃BO₃ and the effect of annealing of alloys for 2 hours at 250 {u00B0}C and then quenching in water at 0, 30 and 100 {u00B0}C. The study encourages higher tolerance levels of Cu, As and Sb in Pb-Ca-Sn grids, especially when the three impurities present combined, than the recommended levels in the industry standards. Cu, As, Sb individually or combined were found to decrease the corrosion resistance. Cu, As and Sb combined suppressed oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)