الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aims to find an environmentally friendly adsorbent for use in petroleum wastewater treatment. During this study, the most important features of this adsorbent and its effectiveness in removing oil will be investigated. This thesis comprises 3 chapters: Introduction, Experimental (Materials and Methods), Results and discussion for the removal of oil from petroleum waste water.
Chapter 1:
This chapter includes preface of the petroleum industry, and chemical composition of petroleum waste water. A review of some technologies that is available for oil removal from petroleum wastewater, including adsorption which is the most effective and economical method, high oil removal efficiency. This chapter ended by providing the objective of the thesis and the research steps in the field of preparing nanocomposites as shown promising results in the removal of oil from petroleum wastewater, making them a reliable alternative for conventional treatment methods.
Chapter 2:
This chapter includes the materials, methods and devices, reagents, chemicals and materials used are described. It also includes methods for preparing a magnetite core-shell coated with silica and grafted with different fatty acids to treat petroleum waste water. Firstly, a new organosilicate nanocomposite using magnetite core shell by a co-precipitation method using sodium citrate was syntheses. The Core-shell Fe3O4/SiO2 with controlled silica shell thickness was prepared by a modified Stöber method to control the thickness of the SiO2 shell. The synthesized nanocomposites were then grafted by different fatty acids (Oleic acid, Stearic acid, Myristic acid, and Decanoic acid) to enhance their adsorption properties. The prepared nanocomposite, were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM and HR-TEM. As well as the methods of studying the effect of different factors on the adsorption processes and the devices used in their measurement, have been discussed.
Chapter 3 of the study describes the synthesis and characterization of nanocomposites for the removal of oil from synthetic petroleum wastewater. The nanocomposites were grafted with different fatty acids (Oleic acid, Stearic acid, Myristic acid, and Decanoic acid) and characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. The XRD patterns showed that the crystallite size of the magnetic nanoparticles increased after grafting. FTIR spectra indicated successful grafting of the fatty acids onto the surface of the nanoparticles. TEM and SEM images confirmed that all fatty acids were successfully grafted onto the magnetite core shell, and the average size of Fe3O4 /SiO2 was between 8-12 nm. The diameter of the different fatty acids on the surface of magnetite silica core-shell nanoparticles ranged from 14-36 nm. The morphological characteristics of the Fe3O4 iron nanoparticles were studied using SEM, which indicated a slight increase in surface size after grafting. Overall, the results demonstrate successful grafting of the fatty acids onto the surface of the nanocomposite, which can be potential candidates for the removal of oil from petroleum wastewater.
The study focused on the synthesis and application of nanocomposites for the removal of oil from petroleum wastewater. The adsorption capacity and efficiency of Fe3O4 /SiO2@SA, Fe3O4 /SiO2@OA, Fe3O4 /SiO2@MA, and Fe3O4 /SiO2@DA were investigated under different conditions, including pH, dosage, and contact time. The results showed that a neutral or basic pH (pH 10) was optimal for oil removal, and the maximum oil removal efficiency was achieved at a dosage of 120 mg/l. The adsorption isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich models, with maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 4.4 to 100 mg/g. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The kinetics of adsorption was best described by the pseudo-second-order model, with high regression coefficients and qe values in close agreement with experimental values. The reusability of the nanocomposites was good, with a recycling efficiency of up to 85%. The breakthrough curves of the nanocomposites showed that Fe3O4 /SiO2@OA had the highest dynamic adsorption capacity, followed by Fe3O4 /SiO2@SA, Fe3O4 /SiO2@MA, and Fe3O4 /SiO2@DA. Overall, the study demonstrated that the synthesized nanocomposites are promising candidates for the removal of emulsified oil from petroleum wastewater.