الفهرس 
Introduction & literature reviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
It’s very important for Egypt to achieve the implementing water resources management approach which can match the limited freshwater supply with the increasing demand. Water resources management, water quality management and environmental protection are the main concerns for sustainable development.
This thesis consists of three main chapters as follows:
First chapter introduced a concept on water resources and sources of water pollution in Egypt. It includes the historical background of organic pollutants, its chemical structure and physicochemical prosperities. This chapter also includes a review of the various water pollutants and types of pollutants, as they were divided into (organic, inorganic, and biological) pollutants. It also includes survey about Emerging pollutants its importance and toxicity, literature survey about the assessment of water quality and studying the various techniques used in removal of pollutants using (physical, chemical, and biological treatment) also presented. and the focus was on adsorption technology in pollutants removal. The properties of the compounds under study were also reviewed, and finally a review of previous studies on the use of hydrochar in environmental applications. The chemical composition of the hydrochar, the description of the reactor used to produce the hydrochar, and the difference in the preparation methods, whether by conventional methods or by methods supported by the use of microwave radiation.
Second chapter comprises materials and methods agreed upon to fulfill the investigation. It also presents some Laboratory Analysis for Water Samples includes Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameters. practical methods that include methods for Analysis of Emerging pollutants, methods for preparing hydrochar and the method for preparing hydrochar loaded with iron nanoparticles. characterization of prepared material such as Examination using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with X-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDX), surface area using the Brunor Emmett Teller method (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Magnetic characteristics, and Adsorption studies. As well as the chemicals used in the measurements, the devices used, the methods of calculations and the equations for the study of dynamic kinetics.
The third chapter is concerned with the results obtained and discussed and is divided into the following parts:
Characterization of waste water:
The various liquid wastes resulting from agricultural, sewage and traditional industrial processes adjacent to El-Moheet drain have negative impacts on the aquatic environment that harm society. The study focused on the appropriateness of the pollution variables for many different sites using some pollutants in the agricultural wastewater, which is the most important to target the negative effects of pollution.
Advanced treatment technologies can be used to treat wastewater from pollution to quality and reuse it. In addition, it is necessary to educate workers about the operation of effluent facilities.
The study showed that the quality assessment of liquid water waste in all control sites is highly polluted for the areas of the Abu-Rawash WWTP > Zenien WWTP > El-Rahawy drain.
The study recorded that Quantification of emerging pollutants has a significant impact on waste, and is supported by the evaluation of organic pollution indicators, especially for effluents at Abu Rawash, Zenien and El-Rahawy drain treatment plants.
Method of preparing hydrothermal carbon from banana peels:
The main characteristics of the prepared HCs such as ash content, yield, surface area, average pore diameter, elemental composition and pore volume are listed in this chapter, The percentage yields of prepared HCs were found to be fluctuating from 46-86%, Due to their low ash contents, the prepared HCs could be auspicious adsorbents during wastewater treatment without causing secondary pollution. The mechanism of the HTC process principally entails complex reaction network including decarboxylation, dehydration, and polymerization (aromatization). whereas the low contents of both nitrogen (<0.7%) and sulfur (<0.2%) make the prepared HCs beneficial adsorbents without causing secondary pollution in the environment.
Characterization of prepared material
The hydrothermal carbon was coded from the banana peels with (HBP). HBP was characterized by physio-chemical analysis such as (BET) surface area, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM- EDX, and Magnetic characteristics. FTIR results obtained that the polymerization and condensation reactions in HTC reproduce a surface with excessive active sites. from SEM- EDX notice that the HC surface has groove-like orientations with dense morphology. Also, there is unequal distribution of pores on the surface of the hydrochar sample, and the pore structures are clearly unlimited. Additional adsorption sites are provided due to the rough surface and pore structure of hydrochar. EDX elements mapping results proved the presence of iron which relates to FeNPs on the Fe-HCs surface. (BET) surface area proved that the more reaction time, the higher surface areas as well as the pore volumes of the prepared hydrochars when the reaction time is set to be 0.5 and 1 h, whereas a negative effect was observed in case of longer reaction time (3 h). XRD patterns of HC-FeNPs indicating the existence of Fe3O4 on the HCs surface. The magnetic properties of prepared HC-FeNPs proved to have good magnetic properties guaranteeing that the adsorbent could be easily recovered from the aqueous solution with the help of applied external magnetic field.
Adsorption studies for organophosphorus pesticides
Four important operating parameters for the batch adsorption including initial concentration of insecticides, adsorbent dosage, incubation time and pH, were optimized and found that the removal efficiency of three insecticides (ETH, TER and DIA) were higher than 90% till 1.5 mg/L concentration while further increase declines the removal percentage. for time, at the beginning, the adsorption rate of pollutants was rapid and then reached its equilibria after 3 h, with extraction rates higher than 93% for the three studied insecticides. Also the removal efficiency exceeded 95% for all three compounds by increasing the adsorbents amount till 70 mg of adsorbent, then the change was not remarkable after further increase. And finally the pH results showed that at pH 4, the adsorption efficiencies of three insecticides approach their maxima. This is possibly because of acidic solution where hydrolysis of insecticides was accelerated.
The adsorption kinetics was studied using a pseudo-first-order kinetic, pseudo-second-order kinetic, Intra-particle diffusion, and Elvoish kinetic model. The obtained results found that the adsorption of organophosphorus insecticides was governed by the pseudo 2nd order model jointly with intraparticle diffusion kinetic model with R2 = 0.996 and 0.934 respectively.
Adsorption isotherms of three insecticides (ETH, TER and DIA) onto HC-FeNPs composite studied using Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinine Radushkevich and Temkin models. from the obtained results, equilibrium adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model for insecticides with R2 = 0.993. The study of the kinetics of the interaction coincided with the Langmuir model, which indicates that adsorption occurred through the formation of a single layer above the HC-FeNPs.
According to the obtained data, adsorption was chemisorption, spontaneous and the adsorption capacities increased with increasing temperature indicating an endothermic nature of the process. Besides, the magnetic HC-FeNPs has both reusability and promising applicability on different water matrices.
In the examination of the performance of HC-FeNPs adsorbent for treatment of pesticide polluted water, It can be stated that the removal efficiency from river water samples was less than that from underground water and tap water samples. The obtained results reveals that HC-FeNPs is a promising adsorbent for removal of highly toxic organophosphorus insecticides from environmental water samples.
Adsorption studies for Pharmaceuticals
The efficiency of hydrothermal carbon from banana peels loaded with iron nanoparticles (HC-FeNPs) in removing four Pharmaceuticals (PAR, KET, DIC and IBU) was evaluated by studying the effect of the initial concentration, the effect of contact time and the dose of the adsorbent. The results revealed that most of four studied Pharmaceuticals removal occurs within 60 minutes of the beginning of contact time and reaches a state of equilibrium within 4 hours. The ratio of Pharmaceuticals removal increased as the initial concentration decreased and found that the removal efficiency of four Pharmaceuticals were higher than 93% till 7.5 mg/L concentration. Also the results showing the removal efficiency exceeded 93% for all four compounds (PAR, KET, DIC and IBU) at 0.07 g. of the studied adsorbent.
The adsorption kinetics was studied using a pseudo-first-order kinetic, pseudo-second-order kinetic, and Intra-particle diffusion kinetic model. The obtained results found that the adsorption of Pharmaceuticals was governed by the pseudo 2nd order model jointly with intraparticle diffusion kinetic model with R2 = 0.995 and 0.95 respectively.
Adsorption isotherms of four Pharmaceuticals (PAR, KET, DIC and IBU) onto HC-FeNPs composite studied using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. from the obtained results, equilibrium adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model for Pharmaceuticals with R2 = 0.998. The study of the kinetics of the interaction coincided with the Langmuir model, which indicates that adsorption occurred through the formation of a single layer above the HC-FeNPs. while from the thermodynamics study it is found that Pharmaceuticals adsorption on HC-FeNPs surface is an endothermic and spontaneous process.
Generally, the hydrochars prepared in this study are able to eliminate all the three pollutants with more than 90% efficiency.
The modification of hydrochar with FeNPs had nearly no effect on the adsorption performance, however, the modified hydrochar has magnetic property and therefore could be easily recovered from the solution.
Conclusion
The various liquid wastes resulting from agricultural, sewage and traditional industrial processes adjacent to El-Moheet drain have negative impacts on the aquatic environment that harm society. The study focused on the appropriateness of the pollution variables for many different sites using some pollutants in the agricultural wastewater, which is the most important to target the negative effects of pollution, especially Emerging pollutants as pesticide and pharmaceuticals residues. In addition, Advanced treatment technologies can be used to treat wastewater from pollution to quality and reuse it, and it is necessary to developed it.
A promising HC-FeNPs composite was effectively prepared from banana peels hydrochar and biosynthesized FeNPs via a microwave-assisted one-step hydrothermal carbonization technique. The produced composite was characterized with FTIR, BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM- EDX, and Magnetic characteristics, which affirmed the effective and successful preparation with good stability of the developed bio adsorbent. Also composite evaluated for the removal of highly toxic organophosphorus insecticides and Pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions. Four important operating parameters for the batch adsorption including initial concentration of insecticides, adsorbent dosage, incubation time and pH, were optimized and found to be 1.5 mg/L, 70 mg, 3 h and 4, respectively for insecticides and 7.5 mg/L, 70 mg, and 4 h respectively for Pharmaceuticals. The sorption kinetic data revealed the adsorption of organophosphorus insecticides and Pharmaceuticals was governed by the pseudo 2nd order model jointly with intraparticle diffusion kinetic model. Adsorption isotherms of three studied insecticides and four studied Pharmaceuticals onto HC-FeNPs composite agree well with Langmuir adsorption model. According to the obtained data, adsorption was chemisorption, spontaneous and the adsorption capacities increased with increasing temperature indicating an endothermic nature of the process. Besides, the magnetic HC-FeNPs has both reusability and promising applicability on different water matrices. Results of dynamic kinetic assessments revealed that the HC-FeNPs would display excellent execution in the environmental application. This study presents a different viewpoint for the synthesis of well-designed and low-cost iron nanoparticle loaded onto hydrochar composite using banana peels for wastewater treatment. It could be concluded that HC-FeNPs composite can be recommended for industrial wastewater treatment to remove organophosphorus insecticides and Pharmaceuticals.
Recommendations
The recommendations that can be drawn from the results of this study are:-
1. Promoting awareness and a sense of participation in disseminate information on uses availability, community needs and hazards between groups of citizens at all levels to keep the water quality from pollution and conservation.
2. Sanitation programs must be developed for cessation of direct negative effect for untreated agriculture and industrial wastewater on the water bodies as the main of aquatic environment protection priorities.
3. Coordination with the ministry of Agriculture to rationalize the use of pesticides and the permission to use new types of pesticides which cease to exist with water after a short time.
4. Investigating other nature simple non expensive treatment sorbents for various water wastes.
5. further studies to set guidelines for the commercial application of the developed bio-adsorbent.