الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Mycotoxin-producing moulds which considered as common maize grains contaminants are of the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium. There are natural and safe ways to protect grains from mould contamination as the use of biological control, antioxidents, salts, essential oils, plant extracts and nano technology. A total number of 25 samples were used to study the natural frequency in five governorates in Egypt, Morphological and molecular identification indicated that the most frequent fungi were Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terreus. The in vitro studies have been done to determine mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition of the five pathogenic tested fungi. All treatments were tested in direct contact assay. All treatments showed significant impact on mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition. Trichoderma harzianum, Chaetomium globosum, Bacillus megaterium, Brevibacillus brevis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nostoc sp. were effective as biocontrol agents. Potassium bicarbonate was the most effective as chemical treatment. Thyme showed the best inhibitory effect while, methyl anthranilate and rosemary were the most effective EOs for spore germination inhibition. Halfabar (water extract) was the most effective as plant extract treatment. The efficacies of liquid formulation of safe techniques against natural infection of maize crop were conducted during season 2021. The percentage (%) of the grain germination, total frequency of fungal isolates and frequency of fungal isolates associated with grains was calculated. After the foliar application (in vivo) and at the zero time of storage, the most effective treatments were: Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas putida and Chaetomium sp. as biocontrol agents, Potassium bicarbonate, Chitosan and Salicylic acid as chemical treatments, Thyme and Citral as essential oils treatments, Halfabar (petroleum ether and water extract) as plant material treatments. After three months of storage, the most effective treatments were: Chaetomium sp. and Brevibacillus brevis as biocontrol agents, Potassium bicarbonate, Nano silica, Chitosan and Salicylic acid as chemical treatments, Thyme, Citral and Rosemary as essential oils treatments, Halfabar (petroleum ether and water extract) as plant material treatments. After six months of storage, the most effective treatments was: Chaetomium sp., Brevibacillus brevis and Pseudomonas putida as biocontrol agents, Potassium bicarbonate, Chitosan and Salicylic acid as chemical treatments, Citral and Clove as essential oils treatments, Halfabar and lemongrass (water extract) as plant material treatments. In the postharvest treatments: as vapour contact assay, Acetic acid was effective as a chemical treatment, while Clove, Methyl anthranilate and Thyme were the most effective treatments as essential oils treatments, while as carrier assay, Acetic acid was effective as a chemical treatment, while Clove, Methyl anthranilate and Thyme were the most effective treatments as essential oils treatments. About inhibition of aflatoxin production, both treatments thyme and acetic acid in both vapour and carrier assays succeeded in reducing AFB1 while they inhibited completely the production of AFB2.