الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study is investigating the following points:
1- characterization of synthesized copper, silver and fungicide Rolex® nanoparticles.
2- Antifungal activity of tested nanoparticles against the plant pathogenic fungus F.
oxysporum.
3- Nematicidal activity of synthesized metal nanoparticles and Nemaprop® against rootknot nematode M. incognita.
4- Disease incidence and relative disease control as chemotherapeutic activity of metal
nanoparticles on tomato plant infected with F. oxysporum. fungus and M. incognita nematode.
5- Chlorophyll contents of infected tomato seedlings.
6- Polyphenol oxidase (PPO-EC 1.10.3.1) activity of infected tomato seedlings.
The results could be summarized as follow:
1. characterization of copper, silver and fungicide Rolex®
nanoparticles characterization of copper, silver and Rolex® nanoparticles were confirmed using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM images indicated that both copper and silver either chemically or biosynthesized were different and possess irregular shapes.
These metal particles fall within the nanometer range as follows:
A- The average size of copper chemically synthesized (CCuNPs) is about 100-120 nm, while the average size of copper green biosynthesized (GBCuNPs) is about 50-85 nm.
B-The average size of CAgNPs was about 120-130 nm, while the size of GBAgNPs
was about 110-125 nm. As for silver element, there is no significant difference in the size of nanoparticles synthesized by either chemical or biological method.
C-The size of fungicide Rolex® nanoparticle particles were in range of 19-23 nm. In
addition, particle size of conventional Rolex® in its usable commercial form was in micron size range (1-1.2 micron).
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2. Antifungal activity of tested nanoparticles against the plant
pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum
The in vitro fungicidal activity of metal copper, silver and Rolex® nanoparticles formulation as well as regular Rolex® against the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum revealed
that:
1- Green biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using Haplophyllum tuberculatum extract
generated smaller copper nanoparticles than the chemical synthesis method. Also the fungicidal toxicity was 3.77 folds in case of GBCuNPs compared with CCuNPs. The EC50 values were 2084.4 and 551.5 mg/l for CCuNPs and GBCuNPs respectively.
2- Silver nanoparticles exerted higher fungicidal activity either synthesised chemically or using Haplophyllum tuberculatum extract. The chemical synthesized silver nanoparticles were more fungitoxic against F. oxysporum with EC50 values was 617.49 mg/l while the biosynthesized EC50 values was 708.08 mg/l. The CAgNPs
was 3.37 folds effective than the CCuNPs one. In addition, silver nanoparticle
formulations were more inhibitors against the mycelial hyphal growth of the pathogenic tested fungus compared with regular fungicide Rolex®. Rolex®
nanoparticle formulations caused the highest fungicidal activity against the tested fungus with lowest EC50 values obtained (348.16 mg/l) in this respect. When the regular Rolex® formulation has converted into nanoparticles, the EC50 values decreased from 1366.0 to 348.16 mg/l indicating significant higher of fungicidal efficiency. Also Rolex® nanoparticles were more effective in mycelial growth inhibition compared with nanoparticles of either copper or silver either chemically or biosynthesized formulations. Rolex® nanoparticles formulations showed more fungicidal toxity against tested fungus with 3.92 folds than the regular Rolex® that leads to reduce the amount of chemicals released in the environment.