الفهرس 
AcknowledgementsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate titanium oxide/graphene oxide/ chitosan nanocomposite for bone defect reconstruction in dogs. The study was conducted on 18 dogs. Dogs were subjected to mid-diaphyseal circular bone defect (0.8 cm in diameter) in the left radius bones under general anesthesia. Bone defects were implanted with the titanium oxide/graphene oxide/chitosan nanocomposite in dogs of the treated group (n = 9). bone defects were allowed for spontaneous healing in the control group (n = 9). Dogs were subjected to clinical, radiographical, and scanning electron microscopical evaluation 15-, 30-, and 45-days post-surgery. Three dogs (n = 3) were randomly selected from each group (treated and control groups) at predefined time intervals. Dogs in the treated and control groups recorded lameness of grade 4 in the first 48h post-surgery, subsided to grade 3 and 2 by the end of the first and the second weeks post-surgery, respectively. Dogs of the treated group recorded no lameness by the end of the third week post-surgery, while dogs of the untreated group still had lameness of grade 1. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the cortical defect of the treated group (5.46 ± 0.17 and 1.45 ± 0.13) compared with the control groups (7.57 ± 0.05 and 7.59 ± 0.06) 30- and 45-days postoperatively, respectively. Depth of the bone defects decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the treated group (2.26 ± 0.12 and 0.008 ± 0.002) compared with the untreated group (4.05 ± 0.05 and 2.16 ± 0.07) on 30- and 45- days post- induction of the bone defects, respectively. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the radiographical density of the bone defects in the treated group (474 ± 17.88) compared with the control group (619.6 ± 6.85) throughout the study. Scanning electron microscopical examination of the control group 15- and 30- days postoperatively showed incomplete healing of the bone defect achieving healing of the bone defects with the growth of bony spicules and osteocytes 45- days post-surgery. The treated group showed closure of about 60 % of the bone defect 15 days post-surgery and complete closure of bone defects 45 days postoperatively. The study explored that implantation of bone defects with titanium oxide/chitosan/graphene oxide nanocomposite can accelerate bone healing.