الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex and heterogeneous group of chronic metabolic diseases that are characterized by hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive metabolic disease that is characterized by insulin resistance and eventual functional failure of pancreatic beta cells. Type 2 diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder of heterogeneous etiology with social, behavioral and environ-mental risk factors unmasking the effects of genetic susceptibility.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of illness and death in patients with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is also a major risk factor for the development of heart failure and progression of renal disease. Abundant evidence from observational and genetic studies indicates that type-2 diabetes Mellitus is associated with an increased risk of major atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke.
In conclusion, this study have shown that the cardiovascular diseases is predictive for T2D risk in the long term, as reflected by the sex- and age-adjusted comparisons of prevalent cases and controls. We have also demonstrated good predictive ability when other risk factors such as CBC distribution, liver dysfunction, chronic kidney disorders, HDL cholesterol, and blood glucose level have already accounted for. Although an imbalance in electrolytes, hypertension and inflammation with a greater incidence of T2D cases with Heart disease.
The most significant novel finding of this study is that T2DM was associated with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality as VACAM-1, NLR and BNP that predicted the development of cardiovascular diseases in patients with T2D. Therefore, accurate detection for previous markers is vital for the prognosis and management of T2DM, allowing physicians to optimize the timing of appropriate diagnostic and preventative cardiovascular interventions in such patients.