الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Musca domestica is a synanthropic, endophilic species, it lives in close contact with humans and can develop within the habitations of human and domestic animals. Highly virulent pathogenic bacteria isolated from house flies, including E. coli Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Clostridium spp. and Enterococci, multiple drug-resistant bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Helicobacter pylori is a pathogenic bacterium that has a high global prevalence and is classified as a class I carcinogen for gastric cancer and unrecognized mode of transmission. So, our study aimed at investigating the role of house flies in the transmission of H. pylori and detecting the incidence of that bacterium on the different body regions of house flies collected from different waste sites using molecular techniques and microbiological methods.
Helicobacter pylori was isolated from different body regions of house flies (collected from different waste sites) and the incidence of the bacterium was detected using qPCR and microbiological methods.
The isolated H. pylori was subjected to the antibiotic sensitivity test against the currently used antibiotics using the disc diffusion method.
Point mutation related to the clarithromycin resistance was detected using RFLP- PCR in the internal gut samples from the three different waste sites.
Anti- H. pylori potential activity of Vespa orientalis venom and three plant extracts (garlic, ginger, and lemon) was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and well diffusion method respectively.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were detected for the tested natural products.
Cytotoxicity of V. orientalis venom detected against normal Vero cells and colon cancer cells
The results of the study can be summarized as the following:
1) House flies carry H. pylori on the different body regions, but the bacterium is not of the house fly microflora. The isolation or the existence of the bacterium on the house fly does not depend on the high density of the house fly but the type of waste where the house flies were collected may be incorporated in it.
2) The count or concentration of H. pylori is significantly different among the different body regions of the same waste site, but it is not significantly different in the same body region of the different waste sites.
3) H. pylori showed complete resistance to some of the currently used antibiotics clarithromycin, erythromycin, and amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid. Surprisingly, some isolates showed complete resistance against gentamicin and others do not.
4) A point mutation (A2143G) related to clarithromycin resistance was detected in an internal isolate which means that the house flies are not only incorporated in the transmission of H. pylori but also in the development of the bacterial resistance.
5) V. orientalis venom showed a promising role in the curing of the multidrug-resistant H. pylori
6) Cytotoxic effect of Vespa venom against normal Vero cells and colon cancer cells revealed that the cytotoxic effect of the venom against cancer cells is more than the cytotoxic effect of it against normal cells which revealed the anti-cancer effect of Vespa venom besides its antibacterial effect (Dual effectiveness of Vespa venom when used to overcome H. pylori infection and the probably related cancer).