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العنوان
THE EFFICENCY AND EFFICACY OF SOME ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE PESTICIDES AGAINST THE MOST IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS IN CAIRO AIRPORT /
المؤلف
ABD-ELKHALEK, WALAA MOHAMED MOHAMED.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / ولاء محمد محمد عبد الخالق
مشرف / سيد عبد اللطيف دحروج
مناقش / مصطفى مصطفى عبد الستار حماد
مناقش / رمضان مصطفى عبده الخولى
تاريخ النشر
2023.
عدد الصفحات
269 P. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
الدكتوراه
التخصص
علوم النبات
تاريخ الإجازة
1/1/2023
مكان الإجازة
جامعة عين شمس - معهد البيئة - قسم العلوم الزراعية البيئية
الفهرس
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Abstract

The efficacy of three different insecticides against three insect of public health pests in Cairo International Airport was evaluated. The evaluation process has been achieved through following two main categories of studies, i.e., ecological and toxicological studies.
1. The ecological studies
The ecological studies were conducted with the aim of surveillance, survey, and monitoring of the most widespread and important pests in Cairo International Airport and evaluating the effect of three weather factors on the population activity of these pests. Mosquito populations were detected and monitored through placing sticky traps in four infested areas (Air Conditioning Stations 1 & 2 ‘Terminal Building #1’, Power Station ‘Terminal Building #1’, Area between Halls 1 & 2 ‘Terminal Building #1’ and Skylight Bathrooms ‘Terminal Building #3’. The housefly adults were detected and monitored through placing bait traps consists mainly of an attractive material in the investigated areas (Airside Hall No. 3, Terminal Building No. 1, Seasonal Hall ‘Terminal # 3 accessory’, Area between Halls 1 & 2 ‘Terminal Building #1’, Area between Budling No. 2 and Budling no 3, ‘Terminal Building #1 and Gate 27 ‘Terminal Building #1. The American cockroach were detected and monitored through placing sticky traps in the infested areas (Sewers between Halls 1 & 2 ‘Terminal Building #1’, Air Conditioning Station # 2 ‘Terminal Building #1’, and Sewers in front of Faisal Mosque ‘Terminal Building #1 through the period from July 2018 to December 2020. Obtained results indicated that mosquito adults were more abundant in Skylight Bathrooms (area) in terminal building No. 3 and the Air Conditioning Stations (ACS) 1&2 in terminal building No. 1 with no significant differences between them followed by the Area between Halls (AbH) 1&2 in terminal building No. 1. The lowest abundance for mosquito adults was in the power station in terminal building No. 1. in 2018. In 2019, the population of mosquito adults increased dramatically in the ACS area followed by AbH area then the power station and finally skylight bathrooms with no statistically significant differences between the last two areas. Two peaks of existence were obtained in July and December. In 2020, the ACS location had the greatest population of mosquito adults, followed by the AbH area, followed by the power station and skylight bathrooms. The population of mosquito adults in the whole surveyed areas had three typical peaks of abundance occurred in March, June, and September 2020.
In 2018, the housefly adult populations were most abundant in the Airside Hall 3Terminal Building No.1 (AH3TB No.1) followed by Gate 27 in terminal No. 1 with statistical difference between them, the AbH area had moderate numbers of adults. On the other hand, the seasonal Hall No. 3 and Area between Budling No. 2 and Budling no 3, were the least areas to harbor housefly adults. In all areas, the housefly had only one peak of occurrence mostly during October. However, the peak of housefly adults in AH3TB No.1 was reached in September and in AbH 1&2 was reached in November. In 2019, the population of housefly adults increased dramatically in localities and AH3TB No.1 was still harboring the highest population, followed also by Gate 27 with no significant differences between both localities. On the other hand, AbH 1&2 area and AbTB2&3 had almost the same lower numbers of housefly adults with no significant differences. The seasonal Hall No.3 had the lowest population of houseflies. In AH3TB No.1 area, peaks of abundance occurred in April and September; while in Gate 27, these peaks occurred in April and July with no significant differences between both areas. The timing of the two peaks was quite different for AbH 1&2 and Area between (Terminal Building #2 and Terminal Building #3) localities since the two peaks occurred in the beginning of the year and in July in the first locality and in April and October in the second locality with no significant differences between both areas. The seasonal Hall No. 3 had the lowest population of housefly adults with the first peak occurred in July, while the second and higher peak occurred in December. In the year 2020, the population of housefly adults increased significantly in all localities compared to the 2019 with no significant differences. Surprisingly, the housefly adults had three peaks of occurrence in all areas in March, June, and September. This increased number of peaks may be due to the great increase in numbers of flies. The largest numbers of flies were in March, followed by September then the numbers were in June peaks. This maybe coincided with high temperature prevailed during that month.
The numbers of the American Cockroach were lowest among all pests inhabiting different areas of Cairo International Airport. Numbers of the American cockroach were very low in the second half of 2018. The highest population occurred at the Air Conditioning Station (ACS) No. 2 followed by the Sewers between Halls 1&2 (SbH 1&2) in Terminal Building No.1 and the least numbers were in Sewers in front of Faisal Mosque (SFFM) in Terminal Building No. 1. There were great statistical differences between the three locations in harboring the American cockroach. The fluctuations in the population density of the cockroach (adults and nymphs) were clearly shown in the Air Conditioning Station only with one peak during October. In the year 2019, the same trend was obtained but the numbers of American cockroach stages were greatly increased in the ACS area and SbH 1&2 and the SfFM area still the lowest in numbers. The fluctuations in the population density were clearly noticed in the ACS No. 2 where the numbers began very high and the first peak of abundance occurred in April. Three months later, the second peak occurred and then the population relatively fluctuated towards the end of the year. For the other two areas, there was only one peak of abundance; in December in the SbH 1&2 area and in July in the SFFM area which was very low. For the last year (2020), the total numbers of the American cockroach stages were statistically significant in existence between the three locations The fluctuations in the population density were almost the same among the three locations with 2-3 peaks of abundance. The SbH 1&2 had two peaks in June and September. SFFM locality also had two peaks in March and June. On the other hand, the population of cockroach in ACS No. 2 had three peaks of abundance; the first was in March, the second was in June and the third was in September 2020.
Concerning the other part of the study, weather data were obtained daily from July 2018 to December 2020 at 2 meters height from the Climatic Change Information Center (CCIC), Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation according to the location of Latitude 30.0 - Longitude 31.4 in which Cairo International Airport is located. Obtained data revealed the following:
Both maximum and minimum temperatures had negative effects on the population density of adult Mosquito during 2018 in skylight bathrooms but the effect of minimum temperature was insignificant. On the other hand, relative humidity had insignificant positive effect. The combined effects of the three tested weather factors revealed that these weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 24.1% of the variance in the population density in this area. In the area between Halls 1&2, the three factors had highly significant effects on the population density of adult Mosquito. Both maximum and minimum temperatures had a negative effect and relative humidity had a negative effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 69.5% of the variance in the population density. In the area of Power Station in terminal building 1, all the three factors had insignificant effect on the population density of adult Mosquito. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for only 19.6% of the variance in the population density. In the last area (Air Conditioning Stations 1&2) both maximum and minimum temperatures had negative and significant effects on the population density of adult Mosquito. On the other hand, relative humidity had insignificant positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible for 40.8% of the variance in the population density in this area.
Both maximum and minimum temperatures had negative effects on the population density of adult Mosquito during 2019 in skylight bathrooms but the effect of minimum temperature was insignificant. The effect of relative humidity was positive and highly significant. The three tested weather factors were responsible for 25.7% of the variance in the population density in this area. In the Area between Halls 1&2, Both maximum and minimum temperatures had insignificant effects on the population density of adult Mosquito, while R.H.% had positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible for only 3.68 % of the variance in the population density in this area. For the Power Station in terminal building 1, all the three factors had insignificant effect on the population density of adult Mosquito. The effects of maximum and minimum temperatures were positive but the effect of relative humidity was negative. The three tested weather factors were responsible for less than 1% of the variance in the population density. For the Air Conditioning Stations 1&2, Both maximum and minimum temperatures had positive and significant effects on the population density of adult Mosquito in this area. On the other hand, relative humidity had insignificant positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 42.8% of the variance in the population density in this area.
Obtained data indicate that both maximum and minimum temperatures had negative effects on the population density of adult Mosquito during 2020 in the Skylight Bathrooms area. The effect of R.H.% was positive but insignificant. The three tested weather factors were responsible for 18.4% of the variance in the population density in this area. In the Area between Halls 1&2, all the three factors had highly significant effects on the population density of adult Mosquito. Both maximum and minimum temperatures had negative effects and relative humidity had a positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 56.4% of the variance in the population density. For the Power Station in terminal building 1, maximum temperature had insignificant effect but minimum temperature had significant effect on the population density of adult Mosquito. The effect of relative humidity was positive. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 26.6% of the variance in the population density. For the Air Conditioning Stations 1&2, all 3 factors had insignificant effects on the population density of adult Mosquito in this area. The three tested weather factors were responsible for 13.6% of the variance in the population density in this area.
For Musca domestica L., both maximum and minimum temperatures had insignificant negative effect on the population density of adult flies during 2018 in the Airside Hall No. 3, Terminal Building No. 1, but the effect of relative humidity was positive and significant. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 21.1% of the variance in the population density in this area. In the Seasonal Hall area, both maximum and minimum temperatures also had insignificant negative effects on the population density of adult flies, but relative humidity had insignificant positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible for only 8.4% of the variance in the population density in this area. For the Area between Halls 1&2, both maximum and minimum temperatures also had insignificant negative effect on the population density of adult flies, but the effect of relative humidity was significant positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 26.4% of the variance in the population density in this area. For the Area between Budling No. 2 and Budling no 3, both maximum and minimum temperatures had insignificant effects on the population density of adult flies. Maximum temperature had negative effect but minimum temperature had positive effect. On the other hand, relative humidity had insignificant positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 20.7% of the variance in the population density in this area. In the area of Gate 27, both maximum and minimum temperatures had significant negative effects on the population density of adult flies, but relative humidity had a significant positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 55.8% of the variance in the population density in this area.
Both maximum and minimum temperatures had positive effect on the population density of adult flies during 2019 in the Airside Hall No. 3, Terminal Building No. 1 area. Maximum temperature had an insignificant effect but minimum temperature had significant effect. The relative humidity had insignificant negative effect also. The three tested weather factors were responsible for 10.8% of the variance in the population density in this area. For the Seasonal Hall area, both maximum and minimum temperatures had negative insignificant effects on the population density of adult flies. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 63.8% of the variance in the population density in this area. In the Area between Halls 1&2, both maximum and minimum temperatures had negative effects on the population density of adult flies. The maximum temperature had significant effect but the minimum temperature had insignificant effect. For relative humidity, the correlation coefficient was 0.546 (which was highly significant) and the regression coefficient was 0.329. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 59.5% of the variance in the population density in this area. For the Area between Budling No. 2 and Budling no 3, both maximum and minimum temperatures had positive and insignificant effects on the population density of adult flies. On the other hand, relative humidity had significant positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 44.2% of the variance in the population density in this area. In the area of Gate 27, all the three factors had positive effects on the population density of adult flies. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 47.4% of the variance in the population density in this area.
All tested weather factors had insignificant effect on the population density of adult flies during 2020 in the Airside Hall No. 3, Terminal Building No. 1 area. Both maximum and minimum temperatures had positive effect but the relative humidity had negative effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for only 0.9% of the variance in the population density in this area. For the Seasonal Hall area, all the three factors also had insignificant effects on the population density of adult flies. Maximum temperature and relative humidity had positive effects but minimum temperature had negative effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for only 5.9% of the variance in the population density in this area. In the Area between Halls 1&2, the three factors also had insignificant effect on the population density of adult flies. The three tested weather factors were responsible for 8.7% of the variance in the population density in this area. For the Area between Budling No. 2 and Budling no 3, Data indicates that this area is the only area that the effect of some weather factors was obvious since both maximum and minimum temperatures had positive and significant effects on the population density of adult flies. On the other hand, relative humidity had significant negative effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 31.4% of the variance in the population density in this area. In the area of Gate 27, all the three tested weather factors had insignificant effects on the population density of adult flies. The three tested weather factors were responsible for only 3.2% of the variance in the population density in this area.
As for other pests, both maximum and minimum temperatures had negative effects on the population density of Periplaneta americana L. during 2018 in the Air Conditioning Station #2 area but the effect of minimum temperature was insignificant. On the other hand, relative humidity had insignificant positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 33.8% of the variance in the population density in this area. For Sewers between Halls 1 & 2, Data indicates that all the three factors had highly significant effects on the population density of American cockroach. Both maximum and minimum temperatures had a negative effect and relative humidity had a positive effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 33.3% of the variance in the population density in this area.
Both maximum and minimum temperatures had negative effects on the population density of the American cockroach during 2019 in Air Conditioning Station #2 but the effect of minimum temperature was insignificant. On the other hand, relative humidity had highly significant positive effect. The correlation coefficient of R.H.% was 0.549 and the ‘b’ value was 0.683. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 55.9% of the variance in the population density in this area. Concerning Sewers between Halls 1 & 2, maximum and minimum temperatures also had insignificant negative effects on the population density of the American cockroach. The relative humidity had a significant negative effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 44.6% of the variance in the population density in this area.
Both maximum and minimum temperatures had highly significant positive effect on the population density of the American cockroach during 2020 in the Air Conditioning Station #2, but the effect of relative humidity was highly significant negative. The three tested weather factors revealed that these weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 61.2% of the variance in the population density in this area. the three factors also had highly significant effects on the population density of the American cockroach in the Sewers between Halls 1 & 2. Both maximum and minimum temperatures had positive effect and relative humidity had a negative effect. The three tested weather factors were responsible, as a group, for 84.7% of the variance in the population density in this area.
2. The toxicological studies
2.1. Bioassay experiments
The toxicity of three different insecticides has been evaluated at biological, biochemical, histopathological and morphological levels against three insect of public health pests, i.e., housefly 2nd instar larvae (Musca domestica L.), Mosquito 2nd instar larvae (Culex pipiens L.) and American cockroach 2nd instar nymph (Periplaneta americana L.) under laboratory conditions. The mentioned insecticides included Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), as bioinsecticide, triflumuron as insect growth regulator (IGR) and pirimiphos-methyl as comparative organophosphorus compound. Based on the results obtained from the bioassay experiments (as biological effects), the LC50 values of the three tested insecticides were 0.11, 1547.9 and 50637.9 ppm for Bti, 0.003, 2.19 and 2712.48 ppm for triflumuron and 0.04, 0.47 and 1634.1 ppm for pirimiphos-methyl for Culex pipiens L., Musca domestica L. and Periplaneta americana L., respectively.
2.2. Biochemical effects of tested insecticides
At the biochemical levels, it was measured the effect of the three mentioned insecticides at their corresponding LC50 values on the specific activity of five key enzymes, i.e., invertase and trehalase (as digestive enzymes), phenoloxidase and chitinase (as key moulting enzymes) and acetylcholinesterase (as key neurotoxicity enzyme). The results of enzyme activities have been altered between significant inhibition in invertase, trehalase and acetylcholinesterase and significant increase in both phenoloxidase and chitinase in all the tested insect stages. For example, the specific activity of invertase has been inhibited by 69.5, 12.9 and 40.7% as effect of pirimiphos-methyl, 91.8, 36.6 and 10.4% as effect of triflumuron and 66.3, 62.5 and 7.7% as effect of Bti in Culex pipiens L., Musca domestica L. and Periplaneta americana L., respectively. The specific activity of trehalase has been also inhibited by 70.8, 9.4 and 44.4 % as effect of pirimiphos-methyl, 29.4, 30.2 and 12.7 % as effect of triflumuron and 71.8, 70.2 and 6.0% as effect of Bti in Culex pipiens L., Musca domestica L. and Periplaneta americana L., respectively. Also, the specific activity of acetylcholinesterase has been significantly inhibited by 77.8, 39.9 and 8.7 % as effect of pirimiphos-methyl, 22.4, 14.9 and 32.6 % as effect of triflumuron and 53.5, 62.5 and 7.5 % as effect of Bti in Culex pipiens L., Musca domestica L. and Periplaneta americana L., respectively.
Conversely, a significant increase has been recorded in the specific activity of both phenoloxidase and chitinase. In more details, the specific activity of phenoloxidase has been increased to 67.8, 846.6 and 190.1 % as effect of pirimiphos-methyl, 56.0, 988.7 and 179.8 % as effect of triflumuron and 40.6, 104.3 and 533.0 % as effect of Bti in Culex pipiens L., Musca domestica L. and Periplaneta americana L., respectively. In addition, significant increase has been recorded in the specific activity of chitinase which reached to 168.4, 324.2 and 454.9 % as effect of pirimiphos-methyl, 428.9, 519.4 and 124.0 % as effect of triflumuron and 34.9, 9.9 and 624.6 % as effect of Bti in Culex pipiens L., Musca domestica L. and Periplaneta americana L., respectively.
2.3. Histopathological effects of tested Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti)
Based on treatment of 2nd instar larvae of Culex pipiens L., Musca domestica L. and/or 2nd nymphal instar of Periplaneta americana L. with Bti, it is clear that such bioinsecticide has been affected the mentioned insect instars. The effect of Bti was concentrated on ruptured epithelial layer, degenerated cell membrane (D.C.M), degenerated epithelial cells (DEC), degenerated peritrophic membrane (D.P.M), degraded microvilli (DMV), freely moved nuclei (N) in the nutritional gut contents.
2.4. Malformation
Triflumuron, caused a wide range of morphological malformations after treatment of the 2nd instar larvae of mosquito and housefly and 2nd instar nymph of the America cockroach. The abnormalities included pupal elongation, shrinking and failure of adult emergence which led to unsuccessfully pupation and adult emergence in Musca domestica L., Culex pipiens L. and Periplaneta americana L. All the recorded abnormalities have been led to larvae and/or nymphal mortality.