الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 181 |  |  |
| | | from | 181 | | |
Abstract
This study was conducted by examining the protective role of Nigella sativa extracts (oil extract NSO + ethanolic extract NSet) as an anti-oxidative stress agent by conducting biochemical assessments before designing the experiment prepared on male albino rats, including the analysis of the NSO extract (cold press oil), which revealed a small amount of myristic, arachidic, and behenic acids as saturated fatty acids (SFA). Palmitic acid was (13.05%), while the small amount of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were palmitoleic, linolenic n-3. On the other hand, the major fatty acids were presence in long-chain fatty acids, such as linoleic and oleic acid (58.31and 24.39%, respectively). The results of this study showed that the NSO has the necessary chemical properties that increase the antioxidant capacity. Thus, lipid peroxidation (oxidative stress) reduces as well as the harmful effects of stress on body tissues. And according to no chemical additives in this oil, twenty-six terpenoids were identified in N.sativa seeds to confirm the efficiency of the entire oil. The main component were p-cymene (41.08%), α-thujene (12.69%), trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (10.83%), ß-pinene (6.57%), α-pinene (5.50%), β-caryophyllene (3.69%), γ-terpinene (3.36%), thymoquinone (0.19%), sabinene (2.72%), trans-sabinene hydrate (1.86%), thymol (1.36%), carvacrol (1.16%), dihydrocarvone (0.78%), α-terpinene (0.75), p-cymene-8-ol (0.71%), and cyclosativene (0.69%), which have a strong effects as an antioxidants. And the different proportions in various studies for these components are due to the difference in the environmental and geographical conditions. This study has a scavenging effect on free radicals, especially those leading to the degradation and oxidation of lipids. In addition to estimating the phenolic content and comparing it with previous studies, as well as the content of flavonoids, these contents proved their high efficiency as powerful antioxidants. Phenolic acids of NSet (Potent extract in phenolic contents and flavonoids) by HPLC were determined, the results showed that the highest phenolic acids were Catechin 31.175 ug/g followed by p-hydroxybenzoic acid 26.300 ug/g followed by Protocatechuic acid 19.377 ug/g and the Vanillic acid was 18.607 ug/g. As for Syringic acid and Ferulic acid; the proportions were 12.407 and 11.539 respectively, but Sinapic acid, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, Gallic acid, and Kaempferol were 4.689, 3.548, 3.434, 2.222, 1.035, 0.912 and 0.687 ug/g respectively. Gentisic acid, Rutin, Naringin, Rosmarinic acid and cinnamic acid ND by the standard complexes. To confirm these contents, the antioxidant activity was examined by two levels of DPPH and ABTS assays, and the percentage was evaluated for 50% inhibition of free radicals as IC50. It was possible to complete the design of a 28-day experiment to evaluate the extracts by dividing into six groups of rats, and the treatments were taken as follows: (The first group control: a group fed a balanced diet along with the experiment), (The second group + control group took an inducing substance as a toxic substance OTC injected interaperotonial ), (The third and fourth groups, NSet and NSO took the extracts during the first two weeks of the experiment and from the beginning of the third and fourth weeks OTC was taken after nutrition in the morning for an hour), (the fifth and sixth groups, the extracts were taken only by oral along with the experiment, where the (NSO) and (NSet) were respectively. The weights of rats were estimated in the first, second and fourth weeks, and the increase or decrease in weights were known by designing a statistical regression analysis. Also, the liver and kidneys were weighed at the end of the experiment. It was found an increase in the liver and kidney weight in the group treated with OTC, but in the groups treated with extracts showed significant decrease compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Biochemical analyzes were carried out after the experimental period, and these analyzes were liver function tests (ALT, AST), kidney function tests, (Urea, Creatinine), and enzymatic antioxidant analysis, SOD, CAT, and G-px. The results showed a significant increase in the liver and kidney analyzes of the group treated with the OTC and a significant decrease in the groups treated with the extracts compared to the control group (P≤0.05). The contrast with the enzymatic antioxidant analyzes showed a significant decrease in the group treated with the OTC and an increase in other treatments compared to the control group at the same level of significance (P≤0.05). This is evidenced by the positivity and effectiveness of the extracts in terms of their potent antioxidant content to stimulate the mechanism of action of internal antioxidants within the body. These analytical results are in line with the histopathological results that examined the tissues of both the liver and kidneys.