الفهرس 
THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLEOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Accurate estimation of actual evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component to improve water management and water use efficiency. Remote sensing techniques provide a promising tool for reliable crop water consumption estimations as field measurements require more time, effort, and money. Considering land fragmentation and mixed vegetation in the Nile Delta, traditional ways of calculating become more difficult. The present study aimed to improve water management at the meso-scale using RS techniques. The study employed four RS-based techniques to estimate in mixed vegetation farms at the Nile River Delta; (i) the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (ET), (ii) the Simplified Surface Energy Balance algorithm (ET), (iii) Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration algorithm (ET) as applied in the Earth Engine
Evapotranspiration Flux (ET) product, and (iv) the crop coefficient ( ) method. A Crop Type Map (CTM) was created from Sentinel-2 image using
supervised classification with an overall accuracy of 81.2% to define the
measured for each crop in the study area. Then, the estimated was
compared with the measured data using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The
estimated by the four methods were compared with each other using
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The Irrigation Efficiency (IE) was calculated at the study area using the estimated . Moreover, the study prepared an algorithm for using RS-based water consumption to improve water management in small-scale farms. The results clarified that algorithm, algorithm,
images, and method had average RMSE 0.49, 0.39, 0.52 and 0.43 respectively. ANOVA test showed a significant difference between the employed RS-based techniques. During the winter season 2018-2019, the estimated varied from 331.33 mm/season to 389.34 mm/season, with an average of 358.76 mm/season. The Irrigation efficiency was estimated to be about 55-63%, with an average of 59.55% and classified as good efficiency. The study developed an
algorithm to calculate the operation hours for different improved mesqas, based on actual water requirements, and pumping capacities for these mesqas. The
study shows that relying on RS techniques and a computer model in operating the improved irrigation system could improve water use efficiency to face water scarcity in Egypt. Also, the study highlights the importance of the equitable distribution of irrigation water in small farms based on the actual water requirements to enhance water management.