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Abstract
Butoxyethanol (BE) is a major environmental chemical utilized in the manufacturing of a wide range of domestic and industrial products, including surface coatings and household cleaning agents. It has been shown to cause acute hemolytic anemia in rats upon metabolic activation to 2-butoxyacetic acid (BAA), with the hemolysis occurring more rapidly and severely in female rats. Effects of BE in rats resemble the key pathological features of sickle cell anemia (SCA) in humans. The purpose of this study is to investigate the histopathological changes and the immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial molecule (VCAM-1) in alveolar bone and dental pulp of rats following 2-Butoxyethanol induced anemia and thrombosis. In this study, rats were divided into 6 groups, each contained 5 animals. BE was administrated by gavage at a dose of 250 mg/5 ml water/kg body weight for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 days to each group; all animals were sacrificed 2 h after the last scheduled treatment, while the last group was sacrificed after 19 days following the last dose. Control group was administered drinking water at a dose of 5 ml/kg. Morphologic changes were evaluated by light microscopy. Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) antibody was used for immunohistochemical staining. The histopathologic analysis of the dental pulp showed that 2-BE caused focal necrosis of the odontoblastic layer. The blood vessels were dilated, congested and thrombosed. Alveolar bone of BE treated rats showed histopathological changes including thrombosis, and necrosis of bone marrow cells, bone-lining cells, and the cortical and trabecular osteocytes. At day 29, histopathologigal changes were less marked, and the pulp and alveolar bone tissue partially re-gained their normal appearance. Positive immunohistochemical expression of VCAM-1 was noted in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells lining dilated blood vessels in dental pulp and alveolar bone of female rats following exposure to 2-butoxyethanol