الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 146 |  |  |
| | | from | 146 | | |
Abstract
In naturally broomrape-infested field located at El Nubaria experimental station, National Research Centre, Egypt, faba bean plants were grown along two winter seasons of 2018/19 and 2019/20. Under three planting patterns of faba bean/flax intercropping, eight broomrape control methods were distributed in a strip–plot design with completely randomized block arrangement in six replicates.
Planting patterns:
Planting patterns of faba bean/flax intercropping involved:
1. sole faba bean,
2. intercropping faba bean with flax, 2 rows: 1 row (2:1),
3. intercropping faba bean with flax, 1 row: 2 rows (1:2).
Broomrape control methods
Broomrape control methods included:
1. Rocket salad seed powder applied 15 days before sowing (DBS),
2. Rocket salad seed powder applied at sowing,
3. Mycorrhiza,
4. charcoal,
5. Butyl–iso–butyl phthalate,
6. Glyphosate–isopropylammonium herbicide, 1 time,
7. Glyphosate–isopropylammonium herbicide, 2 times,
8. Weedy check (control).
Metrics
Broomrape traits
At harvest (on April 30th and April 12th in the first and second seasons, respectively), the following traits were estimated
1. Number of broomrape shoots and plot−1
2. Weight of broomrape shoots plot−1
3. Number of broomrape-infected faba bean plants plot−1
Faba bean agronomic traits
At 105 DAS, the following growth parameters and plant pigments of faba bean were measured:
Growth traits
1. Plant height
2. Root length
3. Branches number plant-1
4. Leaves number plant-1
5. Leaves area plant-1
6. Leaves dry weight plant-1
7. Stem dry weight plant-1
Plant pigments
1. Leaf chlorophyll a content
2. Leaf chlorophyll b content
3. Leaf carotenoids content
4. Total pigments of leaf
5. Chlorophyll a/ Chlorophyll b
Yield traits
At maturity, 10 faba bean plants were randomly chosen and uprooted from each plot to estimate:
1. Pods number plant-1
2. Pods weight plant-1
3. Seed weight plant-1
4. Weight of 100 seeds
Moreover, whole plants of the plot were harvested to estimate:
1. Seed yield
2. Straw yield
3. Biological yield
Seed nutrient uptake
Protein and carbohydrates estimation
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
1. In the first season, under sole or faba+flax (1:2) intercrop with application of glyphosate 1 time as well as faba+flax (1:2) intercrop with application of glyphosate 2 times were the effective practices for reducing broomrape shoots number plot–1. charcoal and isobutyl phthalate applied in faba+flax (1:2) intercrop came in the second order in this respect. In the second season, application of glyphosate 2 times in faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1) intercrops achieved the maximum suppressive effect in broomrape shoots number plot–1 followed by glyphosate 2 times x faba bean sole, glyphosate 1 time x faba bean sole, faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1) as well as charcoal x faba+flax (1:2)
2. Under all intercropping patterns, glyphosate 2 times recorded the maximum reduction in broomrape shoots dry weight plot–1 in the first season statistically leveled with glyphosate 1 time x sole faba bean or faba+flax (1:2) as well as charcoal or isobutyl phthalate x faba+flax (1:2). In the second season, glyphosate 2 times x faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1) intercrops and glyphosate 1 time x faba+flax (1:2) intercrop were the superior combination for controlling broomrape by reducing shoots dry weight plot–1. Glyphosate 1 time x faba+flax (2:1) and glyphosate 2 times x sole faba bean came in the second order, while glyphosate 1 time x sole faba bean, charcoal x faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1) intercrops and rocket salad 15 DBS x faba+flax (1:2) came in the third order in this respect.
3. The interaction between broomrape control treatment and faba/flax bean intercrop pattern proved that glyphosate 1 time or 2 times x all intercropping patterns showed the lowest number of faba bean plants infected by broomrape plot–1 in both seasons. However, variations between such potent combinations and faba+flax (1:2) x rocket salad at sowing, mycorrhiza or charcoal and sole faba bean x mycorrhiza (in the first season) as well as faba+flax (1:2) x mycorrhiza and sole faba bean x charcoal (in the second season).
4. Sole faba bean x charcoal and faba+flax (1:2) x mycorrhiza (in 2018/19 season) as well as sole faba bean x charcoal or rocket salad 15 DBS and faba+flax (1:2) x rocket salad 15 DBS (in 2018/20 season) possessed the tallest faba bean plants.
5. Except for sole faba bean x glyphosate 1 or 2 times and unweeded as well as faba+flax (2:1) x glyphosate 2 times or unweeded, the other combinations among weed control treatments and faba/flax intercropping patterns showed higher values in branches number plant-1 in the first season. Moreover, all combinations among weed control treatments and faba/flax intercropping patterns showed higher values in branches number plant-1, except glyphosate 2 times or unweeded x all intercrop patterns, in addition to glyphosate 1 time x faba+flax (2:1) and faba+flax (1:2) and isobutyl phthalate x faba+flax (2:1) in the second season
6. Addition of charcoal x faba+flax (1:2) in the first season as well as charcoal x any intercrop pattern and rocket salad 15 DBS x faba+flax (1:2) in the second season caused the highest vales of leaves number plant-1
7. Application of charcoal x faba+flax (2:1) in the first season as well as charcoal x sole faba bean or faba+flax (1:2) in the second season showed the highest vales of leaves area plant-1.
8. Several distinctive combinations between weeded practices and faba/flax bean intercrop patterns had favorable effect on leaves dry weight plant-1 of faba bean in both seasons (Table 11). In this respect, plots intercropped by faba+flax (1:2) with application of rocket salad 15 DBS, rocket salad, at sowing, mycorrhiza or charcoal produced the maximum values of leaves dry weight plant-1 of faba bean in the first season, however, statistically leveled with faba+flax (2:1) x rocket salad 15 DBS charcoal and sole faba bean x mycorrhiza. In the second season, faba+flax (1:2) x rocket salad 15 DBS and sole faba bean x charcoal combinations had the upper hand to produce the heaviest leaves dry weight plant-1 of faba bean.
9. In 2018/19 season, rocket salad 15 DBS or rocket salad at sowing under faba+flax (2:1) intercrop pattern, mycorrhiza under sole faba bean pattern and charcoal under any intercrop pattern showed similar and higher leaf chlorophyll a content. Under Faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1) intercrop patterns, both of rocket salad 15 DBS and charcoal recorded the highest significant values of leaf chlorophyll a content in 2019/20 season.
10. Charcoal and rocket salad 15 DBS x any intercropping pattern in the first season achieved the maximum enhancements of leaf chlorophyll b content. While, charcoal, rocket salad 15 DBS and isobutyl phthalate x faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1) patterns showed the highest increases in this respect in the second season.
11. Rocket salad 15 DBS x faba+flax (2:1) in the first season was the efficient interaction for enhancing leaf carotenoids content of faba bean. However, all weeded treatments under faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1), in addition to charcoal under sole faba bean in the second season resulted in promotion carotenoids formation.
12. Rocket salad at sowing x faba+flax (2:1) intercrop pattern and mycorrhiza x sole faba bean in 2018/19 season as well as mycorrhiza x faba+flax (2:1) in 2019/20 season recorded the highest significant values chlorophyll a/ chlorophyll b of faba bean.
13. Under Faba+flax (1:2), charcoal and mycorrhiza gave the highest pods weight plant-1 of faba bean in 2018/19 season. Moreover, charcoal whether with faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1) produced the maximum pods weight plant-1 of faba bean in 2019/20 season.
14. Charcoal x faba+flax (1:2) in both seasons as well as charcoal or rocket salad 15 DBS x faba+flax (2:1) in the second season were the potent interactions for recording the heaviest seed weight faba bean plant.
15. Charcoal x any intercrop pattern, mycorrhiza and rocket salad 15 DBS x faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1) and rocket salad at sowing x faba+flax (1:2) were the effective combination practices for increasing weight of 100 seeds in 2018/19. charcoal x sole faba bean interaction showed the maximum weight of 100 seeds in 2019/20.
16. Seed yield improvement were more eviedent with rocket salad 15 DBS under faba+flax (1:2) intercrop pattern in 2018/19. Moreover, the interactions of faba+flax (1:2) intercrop pattern x charcoal or rocket salad 15 DBS and sole faba bean x charcoal achieved the highest seed yield in 2019/20 season.
17. Charcoal x sole faba bean and charcoal or mycorrhiza x Faba+flax (1:2) were the effective combination practices for enhancing biological yield of faba bean in 2018/19 and 2019/20. Furthermore, rocket salad, at sowing x faba+flax (2:1) and rocket salad 15 DBS, rocket salad, at sowing or isobutyl phthalate x Faba+flax (1:2) gave the best result in 2019/20.
18. Concerning the interaction, rocket salad 15 DBS under faba+flax (1:2) intercrop pattern was the most compatible combination for enhancing seed nitrogen uptake of faba bean in 2018/19 season. Furthermore, each of charcoal and rocket salad 15 DBS x faba+flax (1:2) or faba+flax (2:1) and isobutyl phthalate x faba+flax (1:2) gave the highest seed nitrogen uptake values in 2019/20 season.
19. Integration between rocket salad 15 DBS and faba+flax (1:2) intercrop pattern recorded the highest seed phosphorus uptake of faba bean in 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons.
20. Rocket salad 15 DBS with faba+flax (1:2) in the first season or with faba+flax (2:1) in the second season as well as charcoal x faba+flax (1:2) in the second season were the most effective combinations for enhancing seed potassium uptake of faba bean.
21. Several combinations of faba bean/flax intercrop pattern and broomrape weed control method showed remarkable effect on protein content. However, the most effective combinations enhanced protein content were mycorrhiza x faba+flax (2:1) in the first season as well as glyphosate 1 time x sole faba bean and weedy check x faba+flax (1:2) in the second season.
22. Rocket salad 15 DBS and charcoal with faba+flax (1:2) in both seasons as well as mycorrhiza and charcoal with faba+flax (2:1) in the first season were the most effective combinations for enhancing seed carbohydrate content of faba bean.