الفهرس 
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Abstract
Heavy crude oil mainly consists of high molecular weight paraffin, asphaltene, resins, and a low concentration of aromatic components and naphthene. In fact, these properties cause low flowability in porous media and pipeline transportation, and therefore, the heavy crude oil production process faces many challenges, including the cost of production and the nature of the materials used. Several unconventional methods have been developed using chemicals to facilitate the extraction of heavy crude oil, as these materials have been subjected to development and improvement over different generations, for example, the use of alkalis, surfactants, polymers, or a combination of the previous example, Such as surfactants/polymers, alkali/surfactants/polymers (ASPs), and nanofluids to enhance the percentage of heavy crude oil production from oil wells after reducing the reservoir capacity.
The crude oil production process has three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary (enhanced) extraction of oil. The initial stage is the extraction of oil under the natural driving forces present in the reservoir. In comparison, secondary recovery refers to the increase in the production of accumulated heavy oil produced by using the formation water or immiscible gas. In contrast, the enhanced (tertiary) production process depends on using materials with monomeric and polymeric surface activities called chemical flux.
In the past decades, many theoretical and laboratory studies have been conducted to validate EOR techniques, such as thermal, chemical, microbial immersion, and miscibility methods. The most promising and
most widely applied process was found to be chemically enhanced oil recovery (C-EOR), which has been developed since the 1950s from the last century; those studies proved that chemical enhanced oil recovery is the most promising and economical method as well as the nanoparticle method due to the wide type of chemicals used 2 includes enhanced oil recovery (C-EOR).
This Thesis Consists of Three Main Parts:
Part one: the introduction.
The introduction contains details about the importance of enhanced oil recovery and its different types, such as polymeric flux, thermal flux, steam flux, and surfactant flux. In the introduction, attention was paid to reference research in the field of surface-active flux. The presentation also reviewed previous art on nanomaterials’ role in enhancing crude oil production.
Part Two: Preparation and Laboratory Experiments.
This part includes materials, tools, and working procedures. It contains complete details about experimental methods for preparing nano-hybrid materials and evaluation tests such as surface and interfacial tension, rheology, and flux experiments.
A- Preparing the materials used in the study
This study prepares a new family of surfactants with organic and mineral properties based on five ionic complexes, namely Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+.
• The first step is to prepare 5-chloromethyl salicylate aldehyde (Salen, S).
• The second step is the formation of sodium alkoxide in Pluronic F-127 (AP).
• The third step is the formation of a modified AP - Salen (new ligand). This bond was reacted with metal chlorides previously mentioned in step
(1) to obtain organometallic (OMS) surfactants called AP-Salen-M complexes.
b- Proving the chemical composition of these compounds.
The chemical composition of the prepared compounds was proved using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, SEM, and EDX.
C- Practical evaluation of the prepared compounds.
• The surface tension of these surfactants was measured for solutions of these materials at different concentrations to determine the CMC and calculate their surface-active properties using the Theta Attention HP Chamber
• The inter-surfactants were measured for a higher concentration of CMC versus heavy crude oil to predict the availability and use of these inter- surfactants in the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) process.
• Conducting experiments measuring rheological properties using the Brookfield PVS Rheometer
• Conducting chemical flow experiments using the Chemical Flood System.
Part Three: Results and Discussion,
A- Surface properties and thermodynamics of the prepared materials These types of surfactants showed magnificent surface-active characteristics and greater adsorption efficiency on the surface or between surfaces. It was found from the results that these materials reduce the tension between the surfactants between 10-2 mm. Nm-1 indicates using these intersurface-active agents in enhanced heavy crude oil recovery applications.
b- By discussing the study of the practical application experiences of the prepared materials
To improve recovery of heavy oil using those materials (OMS)
It turns out that:
• The best material that achieved a decrease in the dynamic interfacial tension was OMS-Ni+2 (1x10-2 mNm-1), and the lowest material in the dynamic interfacial tension was OMS-Mn2+ (5x10-2 mNm-1). The results of the other materials were observed between these two readings
• By examining the rheology results of heavy crude oil used in thermal programs as follows: 30, 50, and 70 degrees Celsius. It was found that OMS-Ni2+ material was the one that gave the highest reduction in the dynamic apparent viscosity values and was as follows against the previous temperatures of 820.3, 660.95, and 501.6 cP, respectively. On the other hand, the rheology results of crude oil without the mentioned substance achieved a higher apparent viscosity compared to the temperatures mentioned above, which are as follows: 11987.4, 7962.3, and 4874.3. Thus, the effect of this new family of materials with inter-surface activity on lowering the viscosity becomes clear.
Virtually more than 78%. This is a good indication that the effectiveness of these materials in reducing the apparent viscosity of heavy crude oil may have a positive and promising effect if applied in chemical flow experiments for heavy crude.
• Before initiating the chemical flooding simulation of the prepared materials, the contact angle scenarios for all these materials were examined, and it was found that:
OMS-Ni2+ has a remarkable and high ability to change the wettability of rock with oil to its wettability with water, and it was found from the highest oil-loving degree (contact angle 151.46) to the highest hydrophilic degree (5.44).
Dumping tests were conducted by injection of three sets of immersion experiments using the sand-filled model as a porous medium with different concentrations of surfactants (0.5, 0.75, 1, and 2%, respectively) at a temperature of 50 °C and an injection pressure of 500 psig. And it was clear from the results that the highest extraction rate of heavy crude oil was achieved with OMS-Ni2+, a total oil extraction of 75.5% with an effective value (of 24%).
• It is clear from these results that these materials give promising results and have a high application value if they are used to raise the production yield of heavy crude oil on the field scale experiments. Which helps to support the economy indirectly.